Integrating the universal metabolism into a phylogenetic analysis
... Krebs cycle. To name pathways, prefixes ‘‘d’’ and ‘‘s’’ are used to refer to degradation and synthesis, respectively. For example, dGLN is the set of enzymatic activities involved in converting glutamine to oxoglutarate, whereas sGLN is the synthetic pathway from oxoglutarate to glutamine. When degr ...
... Krebs cycle. To name pathways, prefixes ‘‘d’’ and ‘‘s’’ are used to refer to degradation and synthesis, respectively. For example, dGLN is the set of enzymatic activities involved in converting glutamine to oxoglutarate, whereas sGLN is the synthetic pathway from oxoglutarate to glutamine. When degr ...
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Cell biology summary notes [pdf 1MB]
... combining ADP with an additional inorganic phosphate (Pi). The energy released from the breakdown of ATP can be used for muscle contractions, cell division, protein synthesis and nerve transmissions. ...
... combining ADP with an additional inorganic phosphate (Pi). The energy released from the breakdown of ATP can be used for muscle contractions, cell division, protein synthesis and nerve transmissions. ...
translation ppt
... RNA serves as the intermediary between DNA and proteins. There are three types of RNA. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. The Genetic Code represents 64 possible codons corresponding to 20 different amino acids, start signal and stop signals. The process of TRANSLATION takes place within the cytoplasm on a riboso ...
... RNA serves as the intermediary between DNA and proteins. There are three types of RNA. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. The Genetic Code represents 64 possible codons corresponding to 20 different amino acids, start signal and stop signals. The process of TRANSLATION takes place within the cytoplasm on a riboso ...
Biology Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration Notes Glycolysis: “Glucose splits”
... Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation. The purpose of fermentation is to regenerate the electron acceptor NAD+. Without it, glycolysis can not continue because there is no place to put its electrons. It is NOT the purpose of fermentation to produce ...
... Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation. The purpose of fermentation is to regenerate the electron acceptor NAD+. Without it, glycolysis can not continue because there is no place to put its electrons. It is NOT the purpose of fermentation to produce ...
The Logic Linking Protein Acetylation and Metabolism
... increased phosphorylation of proteins by CDKs to drive the cell cycle under these conditions. More generally, phosphorylation-based signaling pathways may impinge on sirtuins to exert an additional layer of control over protein acetylation. How will the flow of carbon provide acetyl-CoA for acetylat ...
... increased phosphorylation of proteins by CDKs to drive the cell cycle under these conditions. More generally, phosphorylation-based signaling pathways may impinge on sirtuins to exert an additional layer of control over protein acetylation. How will the flow of carbon provide acetyl-CoA for acetylat ...
SLIB biochemistry homework
... 11) A mixture of histidine, valine, and glutamic acid is analysed by electrophoresis at pH 6.0. Predict which electrode, if any, each amino acid would move towards. 12) Identify a suitable pH to best separate a mixture of arginine and lysine by electrophoresis. 13) State three major functions of car ...
... 11) A mixture of histidine, valine, and glutamic acid is analysed by electrophoresis at pH 6.0. Predict which electrode, if any, each amino acid would move towards. 12) Identify a suitable pH to best separate a mixture of arginine and lysine by electrophoresis. 13) State three major functions of car ...
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration
... A. fermentation – partial degradation of sugars without oxygen (anaerobic respiration_ B. Aerobic respiration – oxygen is consumed as reactant along with organic fuel (glucose) C. Cellular respiration is the enzymatic breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce cellular ...
... A. fermentation – partial degradation of sugars without oxygen (anaerobic respiration_ B. Aerobic respiration – oxygen is consumed as reactant along with organic fuel (glucose) C. Cellular respiration is the enzymatic breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce cellular ...
BIO 10 Lecture 2
... the oxidation of NADH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the inner compartment into the outer ...
... the oxidation of NADH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the inner compartment into the outer ...
Exam 3
... A. malate-aspartate shuttle Complex 1 Q pool Complex 3 Complex 4 oxygen B. Complex 2 Q pool Complex 3 Complex 4 oxygen C. glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle Q pool Complex 3 Complex 4 oxygen D. Complex 1 Complex 2 Q pool Complex 3 Complex 4 oxygen ...
... A. malate-aspartate shuttle Complex 1 Q pool Complex 3 Complex 4 oxygen B. Complex 2 Q pool Complex 3 Complex 4 oxygen C. glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle Q pool Complex 3 Complex 4 oxygen D. Complex 1 Complex 2 Q pool Complex 3 Complex 4 oxygen ...
Nitrogen Assimilation 1. Introduction and Overview Importance of
... Step 2: Glutamate synthase glutamine + α-‐ketoglutarate + ferredoxin (reduced) -‐-‐> ...
... Step 2: Glutamate synthase glutamine + α-‐ketoglutarate + ferredoxin (reduced) -‐-‐> ...
Molecules of the Cell: The Building Blocks of Life
... A single polysaccharide molecule may contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide subunits bonded together through dehydration synthesis reactions. One example of an “energy polysaccharide” is starch, which is composed exclusively of glucose molecules ( Figure 3.3b ). Starch is typically found i ...
... A single polysaccharide molecule may contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide subunits bonded together through dehydration synthesis reactions. One example of an “energy polysaccharide” is starch, which is composed exclusively of glucose molecules ( Figure 3.3b ). Starch is typically found i ...
Exam Two Review Guide Chapter Five Anabolism vs. Catabolism
... 16. Account for all the ATP, CO2, H2O NADH+H+ and FADH2 generated by one glucose molecule, then again for one G3P molecule. 17. G3P separates the energy investment phase from the energy payoff stage of glycolysis. Why are these phases named as such? 18. We generate between 36-38 ATP in cellular resp ...
... 16. Account for all the ATP, CO2, H2O NADH+H+ and FADH2 generated by one glucose molecule, then again for one G3P molecule. 17. G3P separates the energy investment phase from the energy payoff stage of glycolysis. Why are these phases named as such? 18. We generate between 36-38 ATP in cellular resp ...
Name
... used drive proton pumps that push H+ into the lumen of the thylakoid discs making them acidic on the inside. The protons are allowed to leak back out of the thylakoid discs (run down their conc. Gradients) by passing through an ATP-synthase (ADP+Pi ATP). The electrons are re-excited by light (Photo ...
... used drive proton pumps that push H+ into the lumen of the thylakoid discs making them acidic on the inside. The protons are allowed to leak back out of the thylakoid discs (run down their conc. Gradients) by passing through an ATP-synthase (ADP+Pi ATP). The electrons are re-excited by light (Photo ...
Lab #8
... FOOD CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Non-enzymatic browning 1. Introduction Under many food processing conditions, reducing sugars produce brown colors that are desirable and important in some foods. Other brown colors obtained upon heating or during longterm storage of foods are undesirable. Common browning o ...
... FOOD CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Non-enzymatic browning 1. Introduction Under many food processing conditions, reducing sugars produce brown colors that are desirable and important in some foods. Other brown colors obtained upon heating or during longterm storage of foods are undesirable. Common browning o ...
LB Metabolic Diseases
... from fatty acid ßoxidation is either: 1) oxidized in TCA 2) repackaged 3) forms ketones ...
... from fatty acid ßoxidation is either: 1) oxidized in TCA 2) repackaged 3) forms ketones ...
Lesson
... ▫ Addition of CO2 to RuBP (carboxylation) Photosynthesis ▫ Addition of O2 to RuBP (oxidation) Photorespiration ...
... ▫ Addition of CO2 to RuBP (carboxylation) Photosynthesis ▫ Addition of O2 to RuBP (oxidation) Photorespiration ...
Fa01Exam1a
... Which of the following lipids has a flat planar structure made up of three six numbered rings and one five numbered ring? a. glycerol phospholipids b. sphingolipids c. triacylglycerol d. cholesterol ...
... Which of the following lipids has a flat planar structure made up of three six numbered rings and one five numbered ring? a. glycerol phospholipids b. sphingolipids c. triacylglycerol d. cholesterol ...
Animal Nutrition
... energy, protein and high fiber. Molasses can be added to improve taste (palatability) and ...
... energy, protein and high fiber. Molasses can be added to improve taste (palatability) and ...
1 Lecture 27: Metabolic Pathways Part I: Glycolysis
... How is the concentration of G-3-P reduced to insure that the aldolase reaction is spontaneous? ...
... How is the concentration of G-3-P reduced to insure that the aldolase reaction is spontaneous? ...
Photosynthesis Powerpoint review
... In C4 plants the steps of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle are separated by location in different types of cells. How are these separated in CAM plants? By time; carbon fixation happens at night, then Calvin cycle uses the stored carbon during the day ...
... In C4 plants the steps of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle are separated by location in different types of cells. How are these separated in CAM plants? By time; carbon fixation happens at night, then Calvin cycle uses the stored carbon during the day ...
blood metabolomics for detection of metabolic disorders in dairy
... Metabolomics is the detection of low molecular weight metabolites and their intermediates from biofluids or tissues. It is used widely in many fields, such as pharmacology, toxicology, and diagnostics, and its use and technological development have increased rapidly (Zhang et al., 2012). Metabolite ...
... Metabolomics is the detection of low molecular weight metabolites and their intermediates from biofluids or tissues. It is used widely in many fields, such as pharmacology, toxicology, and diagnostics, and its use and technological development have increased rapidly (Zhang et al., 2012). Metabolite ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.