Biotransformation of xenobiotics
... - enzymes of endoplasmic reticulum - cytosol ● Enzyme induction : can be defined as the qualitative and quantitative changes in the metabolism of xenobiotics brought about by exposure to the same or some other xenobiotic. ...
... - enzymes of endoplasmic reticulum - cytosol ● Enzyme induction : can be defined as the qualitative and quantitative changes in the metabolism of xenobiotics brought about by exposure to the same or some other xenobiotic. ...
Cellular Respiration Explained
... made? The answer is in the mitochondria of cells. The overall reaction is C6H12O6 + 6O2→6CO2+ 6H2O+ Energy (ATP+ Heat). Notice that oxygen is required. When oxygen is used, it is called aerobic respiration. ANAEROBIC Respiration is called fermentation. No O2 used in fermentation. Without O2 there is ...
... made? The answer is in the mitochondria of cells. The overall reaction is C6H12O6 + 6O2→6CO2+ 6H2O+ Energy (ATP+ Heat). Notice that oxygen is required. When oxygen is used, it is called aerobic respiration. ANAEROBIC Respiration is called fermentation. No O2 used in fermentation. Without O2 there is ...
Photosynthesis & Respiration
... • ADP returns to the light reaction to make more ATP • NADP returns to the light reaction to pick up more electrons and Hydrogens Glucose is made in the dark reaction for use throughout the ...
... • ADP returns to the light reaction to make more ATP • NADP returns to the light reaction to pick up more electrons and Hydrogens Glucose is made in the dark reaction for use throughout the ...
Chemistry of Fats and Carbohydrates
... chemical molecules are fats and proteins. Both make up parts of living cells. Fats are a part of all cellular membranes. They also may be stored within a cell as an energy source. Proteins form part of almost all structures within a cell. Therefore, they are essential for cell growth and repair. Als ...
... chemical molecules are fats and proteins. Both make up parts of living cells. Fats are a part of all cellular membranes. They also may be stored within a cell as an energy source. Proteins form part of almost all structures within a cell. Therefore, they are essential for cell growth and repair. Als ...
THE CENTRAL DOGMA THE CENTRAL DOGMA
... Even the simplest proteins can assume many different conformations. ...
... Even the simplest proteins can assume many different conformations. ...
Carbohydrates
... be stored in the polymeric form (starch, glycogen) • Short-term energy needs are met by oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to ATP and NADH • Pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH that is used for detoxification, and for the biosynthesis of lipids and nucleotides • Structural polysaccharides (e. ...
... be stored in the polymeric form (starch, glycogen) • Short-term energy needs are met by oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to ATP and NADH • Pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH that is used for detoxification, and for the biosynthesis of lipids and nucleotides • Structural polysaccharides (e. ...
IV. Energy Requirements of Skeletal Muscles
... Oxygen Debt: the length of time it takes to ‘catch your breath’ after lactic acid build-up Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen that you owe yourself to convert lactate back into pyruvate and restore aerobic respiration. • Click here for a 1 minute video ...
... Oxygen Debt: the length of time it takes to ‘catch your breath’ after lactic acid build-up Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen that you owe yourself to convert lactate back into pyruvate and restore aerobic respiration. • Click here for a 1 minute video ...
The Cell
... phospholipid bilayer unimpeded by a process called simple diffusion. – Some smaller polar molecules such as electrolytes and use integral membrane proteins. (channels) – Larger molecules such as sugar and amino acids require help (facilitation) of to cross the bilayer in a process called facilitated ...
... phospholipid bilayer unimpeded by a process called simple diffusion. – Some smaller polar molecules such as electrolytes and use integral membrane proteins. (channels) – Larger molecules such as sugar and amino acids require help (facilitation) of to cross the bilayer in a process called facilitated ...
PPT
... in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). • Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2 (rather an inorgainc molecules containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc..). • Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only ...
... in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). • Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2 (rather an inorgainc molecules containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc..). • Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only ...
Session 15 Reading
... fruits, and seeds. They also convert glucose to cellulose, the structural material used in their cell walls. Most plants produce more glucose than they use, however, and they store it in the form of starch and other carbohydrates in roots, stems, and leaves. The plants can then draw on these reserve ...
... fruits, and seeds. They also convert glucose to cellulose, the structural material used in their cell walls. Most plants produce more glucose than they use, however, and they store it in the form of starch and other carbohydrates in roots, stems, and leaves. The plants can then draw on these reserve ...
ch 7 organic power point
... Involve the loss of simple molecules such as water when monomer units join. ...
... Involve the loss of simple molecules such as water when monomer units join. ...
Extracting Energy from Food
... • glycolysis happens in mitochondria • pyruvate enters mitochondria (combines with O2) o most ATP production in mitochondria Citric Acid Cycle Pyruvate -> acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl CoA) (mitochondria) • No O2 used – 2CO2 / per glucose • O2 from glucose – more NADH made: remainder sent to lac ...
... • glycolysis happens in mitochondria • pyruvate enters mitochondria (combines with O2) o most ATP production in mitochondria Citric Acid Cycle Pyruvate -> acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl CoA) (mitochondria) • No O2 used – 2CO2 / per glucose • O2 from glucose – more NADH made: remainder sent to lac ...
Document
... • Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate • Final Products are: – 2 Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3) • Compare to original glucose - C6H12O6 ...
... • Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate • Final Products are: – 2 Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3) • Compare to original glucose - C6H12O6 ...
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
... • ADP can form ATP again by bonding with another phosphate group. • This cycle allows the cell to make more ATP when phosphates are available, instead of having to store enough of ATP; which is very difficult. ...
... • ADP can form ATP again by bonding with another phosphate group. • This cycle allows the cell to make more ATP when phosphates are available, instead of having to store enough of ATP; which is very difficult. ...
Bioplex Granules - Amazon Web Services
... phospholipids and nucleic acids. Plants suffering from deficiency amongst other effects are susceptible to growth suppression, less tolerant to low temperatures, use water less efficiently, take longer to root and are less disease resistant. Although Phosphorus can be found in reasonable quantities ...
... phospholipids and nucleic acids. Plants suffering from deficiency amongst other effects are susceptible to growth suppression, less tolerant to low temperatures, use water less efficiently, take longer to root and are less disease resistant. Although Phosphorus can be found in reasonable quantities ...
Lecture 7
... a An inner membrane divides a mitochondrion’s interior into two compartments. The second and third stages of aerobic respiration take place at this membrane. ...
... a An inner membrane divides a mitochondrion’s interior into two compartments. The second and third stages of aerobic respiration take place at this membrane. ...
ELEM_CouvC_V1n3 copy
... hypothesis by demonstrating the formation of nitrogencontaining amide bonds, which are critical to life’s biochemistry. What made Keller et al.’s reaction especially interesting is that they relied on a reactive intermediate molecule called a thioacid; but one cannot start with a thioacid because su ...
... hypothesis by demonstrating the formation of nitrogencontaining amide bonds, which are critical to life’s biochemistry. What made Keller et al.’s reaction especially interesting is that they relied on a reactive intermediate molecule called a thioacid; but one cannot start with a thioacid because su ...
College 5
... (meaning contacts that also occur in the functional protein). The potential energy drives the system to a conformation where a certain number of native contacts has been established, but the chain is not yet folded. Note that there are many possible pathways. Once this point is reached, the chain fo ...
... (meaning contacts that also occur in the functional protein). The potential energy drives the system to a conformation where a certain number of native contacts has been established, but the chain is not yet folded. Note that there are many possible pathways. Once this point is reached, the chain fo ...
05 - summer quiz 2011.tst
... 40) The temperature of evaporation is much higher for water than for alcohol. Without knowing more about the chemistry of alcohol, which of the following is the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon? A) Alcohol molecules are more cohesive than water molecules. This means that as alco ...
... 40) The temperature of evaporation is much higher for water than for alcohol. Without knowing more about the chemistry of alcohol, which of the following is the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon? A) Alcohol molecules are more cohesive than water molecules. This means that as alco ...
Lecture 33
... • The most important function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to reduce two molecules of NADP+ to NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for each glucose-6-phosphate that is oxidatively decarboxylated to ribulose-5-phosphate. • NADPH is functionally similar to NAD+ however, NADPH is ...
... • The most important function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to reduce two molecules of NADP+ to NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for each glucose-6-phosphate that is oxidatively decarboxylated to ribulose-5-phosphate. • NADPH is functionally similar to NAD+ however, NADPH is ...
Developing miniaturised electrochemical biosensors for monitoring
... in real time in mammalian cell cultures, and are therefore advantageous compared to conventional end-point biochemical- and immunoassays. Recent work by this group [1, 2] has resulted in the development of in-situ microbiosensors to detect changes in metabolite levels in culture medium during health ...
... in real time in mammalian cell cultures, and are therefore advantageous compared to conventional end-point biochemical- and immunoassays. Recent work by this group [1, 2] has resulted in the development of in-situ microbiosensors to detect changes in metabolite levels in culture medium during health ...
Integrating the universal metabolism into a phylogenetic analysis
... Krebs cycle. To name pathways, prefixes ‘‘d’’ and ‘‘s’’ are used to refer to degradation and synthesis, respectively. For example, dGLN is the set of enzymatic activities involved in converting glutamine to oxoglutarate, whereas sGLN is the synthetic pathway from oxoglutarate to glutamine. When degr ...
... Krebs cycle. To name pathways, prefixes ‘‘d’’ and ‘‘s’’ are used to refer to degradation and synthesis, respectively. For example, dGLN is the set of enzymatic activities involved in converting glutamine to oxoglutarate, whereas sGLN is the synthetic pathway from oxoglutarate to glutamine. When degr ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.