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... eukaryotes) have evolved parallel to the evolution of a more efficient selfrecognition system. The most primitive form of such defence systems is phagocytosis, which is nothing else than an extension the normal foraging function present in protozoan eucaryotes. Macrophages that can identify foreign ...
... eukaryotes) have evolved parallel to the evolution of a more efficient selfrecognition system. The most primitive form of such defence systems is phagocytosis, which is nothing else than an extension the normal foraging function present in protozoan eucaryotes. Macrophages that can identify foreign ...
Biological Molecules – Carbohydrates Carbohydrate – molecules
... Monomer – A single unit molecule. Monosaccharide – A simple sugar grouped by the number of carbons they contain. (ie: pentose = 5-carbons, hexose = 6-carbons). Common monosaccharide molecules include glucose, fructose, and ribose. See diagram 6. Organic – Organic compounds in biology contain carbon, ...
... Monomer – A single unit molecule. Monosaccharide – A simple sugar grouped by the number of carbons they contain. (ie: pentose = 5-carbons, hexose = 6-carbons). Common monosaccharide molecules include glucose, fructose, and ribose. See diagram 6. Organic – Organic compounds in biology contain carbon, ...
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... from the NADH end to the oxygen end. B. This investigation models the protein complexes in the electron transport chain as follows: The electrons are pulled in a direction toward molecules that are most electronegative and away from molecules that are least electronegative. In both this investigatio ...
... from the NADH end to the oxygen end. B. This investigation models the protein complexes in the electron transport chain as follows: The electrons are pulled in a direction toward molecules that are most electronegative and away from molecules that are least electronegative. In both this investigatio ...
Study Guide
... homework could be on the exam. Details from case studies will not be included, but problems of that sort are on the exam. Some major topics include: Solubility, free energy/enthalpy/entropy, coupled reactions, intermolecular forces, solvation, hydrophobic effect, amphipathic compounds, auto-ionizati ...
... homework could be on the exam. Details from case studies will not be included, but problems of that sort are on the exam. Some major topics include: Solubility, free energy/enthalpy/entropy, coupled reactions, intermolecular forces, solvation, hydrophobic effect, amphipathic compounds, auto-ionizati ...
Metabolism
... In a biological setting, most energetically favourable reactions will not occur at a rate useful for life, unless catalysed by enzymes. Enzymes function by lowering the barriers that block a particular reaction. Enzymes bind one or more substrate molecules tightly within a part of the protein known ...
... In a biological setting, most energetically favourable reactions will not occur at a rate useful for life, unless catalysed by enzymes. Enzymes function by lowering the barriers that block a particular reaction. Enzymes bind one or more substrate molecules tightly within a part of the protein known ...
Cell Function Review..
... True or Make-it-True. To remove waste particles from the cell, the cell surrounds the waste particles with a sac, and the sac undergoes endocytosis. ...
... True or Make-it-True. To remove waste particles from the cell, the cell surrounds the waste particles with a sac, and the sac undergoes endocytosis. ...
chemistry of living things
... 7 is neutral (neither acidic or basic) 7.1 to 14 is basic, with 13 and 14 being very basic Again, if there are many hydroxide anions (OH-) in solution, then the solution is basic If there are many hydrogen cations (H+) in solution, then the solution is acidic ...
... 7 is neutral (neither acidic or basic) 7.1 to 14 is basic, with 13 and 14 being very basic Again, if there are many hydroxide anions (OH-) in solution, then the solution is basic If there are many hydrogen cations (H+) in solution, then the solution is acidic ...
Energy Review Questions
... Define substrate. The substrate is the molecule the enzyme binds to and changes. Describe activation energy and explain how an enzyme operates. The activation energy is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they ...
... Define substrate. The substrate is the molecule the enzyme binds to and changes. Describe activation energy and explain how an enzyme operates. The activation energy is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they ...
Chapter 2 The chemistry of life
... Buffers Limit Changes in pH • Buffer – chemical found in solution that dampens the effect of added acid or base • Mixture of protonated and deprotonated molecules • Most buffers rely on weak acids • Buffers work only over a particular range of pH values Figure 2.17 ...
... Buffers Limit Changes in pH • Buffer – chemical found in solution that dampens the effect of added acid or base • Mixture of protonated and deprotonated molecules • Most buffers rely on weak acids • Buffers work only over a particular range of pH values Figure 2.17 ...
1 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Introduction
... • Cellular respiration is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle – key regulatory point occurs at step three of glycolysis ...
... • Cellular respiration is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle – key regulatory point occurs at step three of glycolysis ...
Macromolecules_students
... carbohydrates, but it will not affect the breakdown of proteins. The ability of an enzyme molecule to interact with specific molecules is most directly determined by the: A. shapes of the molecules involved B. sequence of bases present in ATP C. number of molecules involved D. amount of glucose pres ...
... carbohydrates, but it will not affect the breakdown of proteins. The ability of an enzyme molecule to interact with specific molecules is most directly determined by the: A. shapes of the molecules involved B. sequence of bases present in ATP C. number of molecules involved D. amount of glucose pres ...
Multiple Choice Review 2
... are less stable than double-stranded regions of DNA. can be observed in the laboratory, but probably have no biological relevance. can form between two self-complementary regions of the same single strand of RNA. do not occur. have the two strands arranged in parallel (unlike those of DNA, which are ...
... are less stable than double-stranded regions of DNA. can be observed in the laboratory, but probably have no biological relevance. can form between two self-complementary regions of the same single strand of RNA. do not occur. have the two strands arranged in parallel (unlike those of DNA, which are ...
Concept Sheet for Semester 2 material - mvhs
... Photoperiodism and control of flowering; short-day vs. long-day palnts Redox reactions – LEO, GER; where do electrons originate, what pulls them away Light- Dependent Reactions – location, purpose; role of chlorophyll, water and photosystems; how is ATP/NADPH produced; reason for noncyclic vs. cycli ...
... Photoperiodism and control of flowering; short-day vs. long-day palnts Redox reactions – LEO, GER; where do electrons originate, what pulls them away Light- Dependent Reactions – location, purpose; role of chlorophyll, water and photosystems; how is ATP/NADPH produced; reason for noncyclic vs. cycli ...
Human Metabolism: Macronutrients Instructors: Rosalind Coleman
... Prerequisites: NUTR 400 (or CHEM/BIOL 430) OR for PhD students, a biochemistry course; CHEM 261 (organic chemistry) & BIOL 252 (anatomy/physiology) or equivalents. Course Description: My objective is to enable UNC students to understand the relationships between macronutrient biochemistry and metabo ...
... Prerequisites: NUTR 400 (or CHEM/BIOL 430) OR for PhD students, a biochemistry course; CHEM 261 (organic chemistry) & BIOL 252 (anatomy/physiology) or equivalents. Course Description: My objective is to enable UNC students to understand the relationships between macronutrient biochemistry and metabo ...
Unit 4 Photosynthesis
... H+ Gradient develops Ion Channel – ATP Synthase moves H+ out of the thylakoid Provides energy for the formation of ATP from ADP + P + Energy ...
... H+ Gradient develops Ion Channel – ATP Synthase moves H+ out of the thylakoid Provides energy for the formation of ATP from ADP + P + Energy ...
Cellular Respiration
... pyruvic acid molecule to form acetic acid. This little step is the source of some of the carbon dioxide we produce. ...
... pyruvic acid molecule to form acetic acid. This little step is the source of some of the carbon dioxide we produce. ...
Document
... b. ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase c. A concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion’s intermembrane space d. H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor ...
... b. ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase c. A concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion’s intermembrane space d. H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor ...
UAB DIVISION of Molecular and Cellular Pathology
... The metabolites overlaid onto the core metabolic map offered for humans. Red points = serum, blue points = urine, and orange points = feces. Green points represent metabolites that were found to be diet-responsive in two or more biofluids. Particularly rich coverage is provided in amino acid metabo ...
... The metabolites overlaid onto the core metabolic map offered for humans. Red points = serum, blue points = urine, and orange points = feces. Green points represent metabolites that were found to be diet-responsive in two or more biofluids. Particularly rich coverage is provided in amino acid metabo ...
Biochem BIG IDEAS - Canvas by Instructure
... 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose). ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA iii. DNA is usually double stranded, RNA is usually single stranded iv. The two DNA strands in double-stranded DNA are antiparallel in directionality 3. B ...
... 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose). ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA iii. DNA is usually double stranded, RNA is usually single stranded iv. The two DNA strands in double-stranded DNA are antiparallel in directionality 3. B ...
Chapter 9 - H-W Science Website
... Students may be confused by terms that have familiar, everyday meanings distinct from their biological definitions. The term respiration is particularly confusing, because it is an everyday term with two biological definitions, both in cellular respiration and in breathing. Although most students re ...
... Students may be confused by terms that have familiar, everyday meanings distinct from their biological definitions. The term respiration is particularly confusing, because it is an everyday term with two biological definitions, both in cellular respiration and in breathing. Although most students re ...
Patient Handout
... Injections can be administered up to twice a week. B12 is purported by its users and practitioners to help speed up the overall metabolic processes and create a greater feeling of overall energy. Because lipotropics directly aid fat breakdown and are closely related to B vitamins, when used together ...
... Injections can be administered up to twice a week. B12 is purported by its users and practitioners to help speed up the overall metabolic processes and create a greater feeling of overall energy. Because lipotropics directly aid fat breakdown and are closely related to B vitamins, when used together ...
Enzymes - Westgate Mennonite Collegiate
... - high temps may denature (unfold) the enzyme. 2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) 3. Ionic concentration (salt ions) ...
... - high temps may denature (unfold) the enzyme. 2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) 3. Ionic concentration (salt ions) ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.