Chapter Two Line Title Here and Chapter Title Here and Here
... Nitrogen Requirements: Nitrogen is a growth-limiting nutrient for many microorganisms, which acquire it from organic and inorganic nutrients. Though nitrogen constitutes about 79% of the atmosphere, relatively few organisms can utilize nitrogen gas. A few bacteria reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia via ...
... Nitrogen Requirements: Nitrogen is a growth-limiting nutrient for many microorganisms, which acquire it from organic and inorganic nutrients. Though nitrogen constitutes about 79% of the atmosphere, relatively few organisms can utilize nitrogen gas. A few bacteria reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia via ...
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
... Is the final common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats and amino acids Along with energy, cycle supplies many intermediates required for the synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc Site: mitochondrial matrix Oxidation of acetyl CoA Co2 + H2O Occurs in a cyclic manner, generate ATP ...
... Is the final common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats and amino acids Along with energy, cycle supplies many intermediates required for the synthesis of amino acids, glucose, heme etc Site: mitochondrial matrix Oxidation of acetyl CoA Co2 + H2O Occurs in a cyclic manner, generate ATP ...
Biological Molecules
... Similar structure to cellulose, but glucose subunits modified with nitrogen-containing groups ...
... Similar structure to cellulose, but glucose subunits modified with nitrogen-containing groups ...
Amino Acid Structure
... A variety of different bonds stabilise the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins Hydrogen bonds form between oxygen and hydrogen atoms within the main amino acid chain and between the R groups Disulphide bridges form between sulphur atoms in the R groups of amino acids such as ...
... A variety of different bonds stabilise the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins Hydrogen bonds form between oxygen and hydrogen atoms within the main amino acid chain and between the R groups Disulphide bridges form between sulphur atoms in the R groups of amino acids such as ...
Specifications sheet Energy Pure
... maltodextrin, dextrose, coloring: caramelised sugar (caramelised glucose syrup, maltodextrin); chicory inulin (FOS)) (4.44 g/100 g), aqueous extract of green tea leaves Camelia sinensis (4.32 g/100 g), natural flavoring, fibers of acacia (0.44 g/ 100 g), acidity regulator: citric acid, salt, vitamin ...
... maltodextrin, dextrose, coloring: caramelised sugar (caramelised glucose syrup, maltodextrin); chicory inulin (FOS)) (4.44 g/100 g), aqueous extract of green tea leaves Camelia sinensis (4.32 g/100 g), natural flavoring, fibers of acacia (0.44 g/ 100 g), acidity regulator: citric acid, salt, vitamin ...
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Using the
... Formation of acetyl-CoA: 1 NADH per pyruvate (2 NADH per glucose) ...
... Formation of acetyl-CoA: 1 NADH per pyruvate (2 NADH per glucose) ...
A planarian has a mutation that affects mitochondria. The planarian
... A planarian has a mutation that affects mitochondria. The planarian moves slower and has a slower rate of growth and reproduction than a normal planarian. A mitochondrion from a normal planarian (planarian X) and a mitochondrion from the planarian with the mutation (planarian Y) are shown below. ...
... A planarian has a mutation that affects mitochondria. The planarian moves slower and has a slower rate of growth and reproduction than a normal planarian. A mitochondrion from a normal planarian (planarian X) and a mitochondrion from the planarian with the mutation (planarian Y) are shown below. ...
Cellular Respiration
... - Throughout glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated to increase its potential energy. The addition of each phosphate group makes the overall molecule more unstable. - Kinases transfer phosphate groups from one molecule to another (whether it be a phosphate group from ATP or from FBP) - Substrate-l ...
... - Throughout glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated to increase its potential energy. The addition of each phosphate group makes the overall molecule more unstable. - Kinases transfer phosphate groups from one molecule to another (whether it be a phosphate group from ATP or from FBP) - Substrate-l ...
Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet
... why they cause a problem. For example, why would DNP be an excellent weight loss drug? 27. It turns out that you need only very small amounts of vitamin B3 (niacin), which is used to make NAD+. The same goes for riboflavin, the vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD. However, you have incredible numbe ...
... why they cause a problem. For example, why would DNP be an excellent weight loss drug? 27. It turns out that you need only very small amounts of vitamin B3 (niacin), which is used to make NAD+. The same goes for riboflavin, the vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD. However, you have incredible numbe ...
metabole = change
... potential energy stored in a molecule resulting from the arrangement of atoms in that molecules. Catabolic pathways rearrange the molecular structure of nutrients e.g. breaking down glucose to CO2 and water. As a result, the potential energy in those nutrients is converted to kinetic energy to cause ...
... potential energy stored in a molecule resulting from the arrangement of atoms in that molecules. Catabolic pathways rearrange the molecular structure of nutrients e.g. breaking down glucose to CO2 and water. As a result, the potential energy in those nutrients is converted to kinetic energy to cause ...
protein
... • AUG (the start codon on the mRNA molecule) brings in the tRNA (using the anticodon) molecule with Methionine attached. This starts production of our protein. • Then the large sub-unit is brought in using initiation factors (these are enzymes) and uses GTP for energy in the process. (Remember, GTP ...
... • AUG (the start codon on the mRNA molecule) brings in the tRNA (using the anticodon) molecule with Methionine attached. This starts production of our protein. • Then the large sub-unit is brought in using initiation factors (these are enzymes) and uses GTP for energy in the process. (Remember, GTP ...
Answer Key for the Supplemental Problem Set #1
... 2. During glycolysis, how many ADP molecules are converted to ATP. Explain this answer with regard to your answer to #1. 4 ADP molecules are converted into ATP. There is a net gain of only 2 ATP molecules because 2 are consumed during the first stage of glycolysis. 3. What are the three metabolicall ...
... 2. During glycolysis, how many ADP molecules are converted to ATP. Explain this answer with regard to your answer to #1. 4 ADP molecules are converted into ATP. There is a net gain of only 2 ATP molecules because 2 are consumed during the first stage of glycolysis. 3. What are the three metabolicall ...
Episode 11 - Science Of Ultra
... harm kidneys are NOT supported by data. If you are putting in extreme mileage or time-on-feet, then a little more protein (for example, 2.0+ g/kg/d) might be useful, but we don’t have much data on these athletes. The amino acids from protein are used to make many molecules and structures throughout ...
... harm kidneys are NOT supported by data. If you are putting in extreme mileage or time-on-feet, then a little more protein (for example, 2.0+ g/kg/d) might be useful, but we don’t have much data on these athletes. The amino acids from protein are used to make many molecules and structures throughout ...
semester iii
... Mosquito: Morphology and Bionomics of Anopheles ,culex, Ades and mansonia. mosquito control: various methods mosquito borne diseases and their control. Phelebotomus (Sand fly): morphology, life history and control Housefly : morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control. Xenopsyllacheopis, ...
... Mosquito: Morphology and Bionomics of Anopheles ,culex, Ades and mansonia. mosquito control: various methods mosquito borne diseases and their control. Phelebotomus (Sand fly): morphology, life history and control Housefly : morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control. Xenopsyllacheopis, ...
Lecture2-2010
... A successful NMR experiment comes in 3 stages, 1.) Resolve the resonances - that is, obtain a spectrum where individual signals are clearly resolved from one another. 2.) Assign the resonances. Each peak comes from one atom in the protein - but which one? Our 36 amino acid protein is a mess! The rec ...
... A successful NMR experiment comes in 3 stages, 1.) Resolve the resonances - that is, obtain a spectrum where individual signals are clearly resolved from one another. 2.) Assign the resonances. Each peak comes from one atom in the protein - but which one? Our 36 amino acid protein is a mess! The rec ...
Amino Acid and Protein Structure
... living organisms. A few of their functions include: 1. Enzymatic catalysis—Most enzymes are proteins. 2. Transport and storage of small molecules and ions 3. Structural elements of the cytoskeleton. Proteins make up the cytoskeleton, which: a. Provides strength and structure to cells b. Forms the fu ...
... living organisms. A few of their functions include: 1. Enzymatic catalysis—Most enzymes are proteins. 2. Transport and storage of small molecules and ions 3. Structural elements of the cytoskeleton. Proteins make up the cytoskeleton, which: a. Provides strength and structure to cells b. Forms the fu ...
Energy Systems
... – Under normal circumstances, protein is not used by the body to resynthesise ATP. – Only used in starvation type conditions. – Protein is important for other body repair and maintenance processes. – Yields 17Kj per gram energy. ...
... – Under normal circumstances, protein is not used by the body to resynthesise ATP. – Only used in starvation type conditions. – Protein is important for other body repair and maintenance processes. – Yields 17Kj per gram energy. ...
Ion exchange chromatography File
... Ion-exchangers made by co-polymerisation of styrene with divinyl benzene. Polystyrene itself is a linear polymer. Divinyl benzene, is a cross-linker Resins with low degree of cross-linking are more permeable to high molecular weight compounds, but they are less rigid and swell more when placed in bu ...
... Ion-exchangers made by co-polymerisation of styrene with divinyl benzene. Polystyrene itself is a linear polymer. Divinyl benzene, is a cross-linker Resins with low degree of cross-linking are more permeable to high molecular weight compounds, but they are less rigid and swell more when placed in bu ...
Concept 3.4: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic
... • The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water • Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds • The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water • Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds • The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
3. Protein Structure and Function – Bio 20-1
... • Predictions of secondary structure of proteins adopted by a sequence of six or fewer residues have proved to be 60 to 70% accurate • Many protein chemists have tried to predict structure based on sequence ▫ Chou-Fasman: each amino acid is assigned a "propensity" for forming helices or sheets ▫ Cho ...
... • Predictions of secondary structure of proteins adopted by a sequence of six or fewer residues have proved to be 60 to 70% accurate • Many protein chemists have tried to predict structure based on sequence ▫ Chou-Fasman: each amino acid is assigned a "propensity" for forming helices or sheets ▫ Cho ...
The Photosynthetic Dark Reactions Do Not Operate
... for the carbon reduction enzymes for several minutes in the dark, provided that the concentrations of ATP and NADPH were maintained high. When these photosynthetic substrates were depleted, the enzyme reactions stopped. Because there was some residual enzyme activity in the dark, the pathway was com ...
... for the carbon reduction enzymes for several minutes in the dark, provided that the concentrations of ATP and NADPH were maintained high. When these photosynthetic substrates were depleted, the enzyme reactions stopped. Because there was some residual enzyme activity in the dark, the pathway was com ...
video slide - yayscienceclass
... The Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) • A 3-carbon product of the Calvin cycle is phosphoglyceraldehyde (which is also called glyceraldehyde phosphate) and is commonly symbolized as PGAL or G3P in your text. Two of these will form glucose, the others will be recycled to use again in this cycle. • Note: ...
... The Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) • A 3-carbon product of the Calvin cycle is phosphoglyceraldehyde (which is also called glyceraldehyde phosphate) and is commonly symbolized as PGAL or G3P in your text. Two of these will form glucose, the others will be recycled to use again in this cycle. • Note: ...
"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial
... The enzyme fructose bisphosphate (FPB) aldolase is one of the most critical steps in the pathway. In the absence of this enzyme, glucose or other hexose sugars must be metabolized via one of several alternative pathways, as discussed later. In general, glycolysis in muscle tissue, yeast, and many ba ...
... The enzyme fructose bisphosphate (FPB) aldolase is one of the most critical steps in the pathway. In the absence of this enzyme, glucose or other hexose sugars must be metabolized via one of several alternative pathways, as discussed later. In general, glycolysis in muscle tissue, yeast, and many ba ...
Chapter 1-3
... 生物由基本單位—細胞—所構成,而細胞則由數種生物大分子所構成.主要包括蛋白質,核酸,酯質 及醣類.生物化學即以物理及化學的角度出發,來探討這些生物大分子的構成,性質及它們之間的 交互作用,藉以初步了解生命運作的本質.本課程為大學部課程,透過不同專長教師講解指定教科 書之內容,讓學生們對生物化學能有一全盤概念.除此以外,對於有關如何處理及分析生物大分子 的技術亦會作初步的介紹,有興趣的同學亦可以此課程所學為出發點,進一步投入生物醫學實研究 的領域中. (The course seeks to describe the structure, organization, and functions ...
... 生物由基本單位—細胞—所構成,而細胞則由數種生物大分子所構成.主要包括蛋白質,核酸,酯質 及醣類.生物化學即以物理及化學的角度出發,來探討這些生物大分子的構成,性質及它們之間的 交互作用,藉以初步了解生命運作的本質.本課程為大學部課程,透過不同專長教師講解指定教科 書之內容,讓學生們對生物化學能有一全盤概念.除此以外,對於有關如何處理及分析生物大分子 的技術亦會作初步的介紹,有興趣的同學亦可以此課程所學為出發點,進一步投入生物醫學實研究 的領域中. (The course seeks to describe the structure, organization, and functions ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.