Lecture 12-14 (Parker) - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... The most important regulatory site is the interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate When energy is needed the concentration of AMP will be relatively high. AMP stimulates phosphofructokinase and inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glycolysis is favored. Conversely high ...
... The most important regulatory site is the interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate When energy is needed the concentration of AMP will be relatively high. AMP stimulates phosphofructokinase and inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glycolysis is favored. Conversely high ...
Nucleic Acids
... 1) Name the monomer of nucleic acids. 2) Draw & Label a nucleotide. 3) How are the four nitrogen bases of DNA abbreviated? RNA? 4) What does the phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with? 5) What do you call a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein? 6) If the DNA nitrogen bases were TAC ...
... 1) Name the monomer of nucleic acids. 2) Draw & Label a nucleotide. 3) How are the four nitrogen bases of DNA abbreviated? RNA? 4) What does the phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with? 5) What do you call a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein? 6) If the DNA nitrogen bases were TAC ...
Calvin cycle
... the light-dependent stage). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (also G3P, GP, TP, PGAL) is produced, and the NADPH itself was oxidized and becomes NADP+. Again, two NADPH are utilized per CO2 fixed. (Simplified versions of the Calvin cycle integrate the remaining steps, except for the last one, into one gen ...
... the light-dependent stage). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (also G3P, GP, TP, PGAL) is produced, and the NADPH itself was oxidized and becomes NADP+. Again, two NADPH are utilized per CO2 fixed. (Simplified versions of the Calvin cycle integrate the remaining steps, except for the last one, into one gen ...
Chapter Fourteen: Metabolism: Basic Concepts and
... Answer: Difference in concentration of a charged molecule, on opposite sides of a membrane. Examples include protons and sodium, potassium, and calcium ions. 40. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Answer: The process of making ATP by using a proton gradient. 41. What are the stages for extracting en ...
... Answer: Difference in concentration of a charged molecule, on opposite sides of a membrane. Examples include protons and sodium, potassium, and calcium ions. 40. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Answer: The process of making ATP by using a proton gradient. 41. What are the stages for extracting en ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Chapter 1
... Chemical components Molecular structures Structure-function relationship Physical and chemical properties Exploration of proteins ...
... Chemical components Molecular structures Structure-function relationship Physical and chemical properties Exploration of proteins ...
2005 Images SC 1 to 4 - Cancer Insights at ASU
... Mitochondria in Health & Disease • Mitochondria have about 1600 imported gene • products ppppppp - about half have specialized functions and are organ-specific - functions include lipid metabolism, signal transduction • Clinical expression of mitochondrial disease requires a high level of mutations ...
... Mitochondria in Health & Disease • Mitochondria have about 1600 imported gene • products ppppppp - about half have specialized functions and are organ-specific - functions include lipid metabolism, signal transduction • Clinical expression of mitochondrial disease requires a high level of mutations ...
III. 4. Test Respiració cel·lular
... the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. B) Glycolysis is a v ...
... the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. B) Glycolysis is a v ...
Chapter 14 Ionic and Covalent Compounds/ Organic compounds
... all compounds belong to this group. - _____ organic compounds contain carbon. Each carbon atom has _____ valence electrons so each carbon atom can make four _______ with four other atoms. -O Organic compounds may also contain _________, oxygen, _______, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Carbon atoms bond to ...
... all compounds belong to this group. - _____ organic compounds contain carbon. Each carbon atom has _____ valence electrons so each carbon atom can make four _______ with four other atoms. -O Organic compounds may also contain _________, oxygen, _______, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Carbon atoms bond to ...
Cell Structure and Function
... • Channel proteins: Proteins that provide passageways through the membranes for certain hydrophilic or water-soluble substances such as polar and charged molecules. No energy is used during transport, hence this type of movement is called facilitated diffusion. • Transport proteins: Proteins that sp ...
... • Channel proteins: Proteins that provide passageways through the membranes for certain hydrophilic or water-soluble substances such as polar and charged molecules. No energy is used during transport, hence this type of movement is called facilitated diffusion. • Transport proteins: Proteins that sp ...
Proteins are polymers consisting of amino acids linked by peptide
... Proteins are polymers consisting of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Proteins contain a wide range of functional groups Proteins P i can interact i with i h one another h and d with ih other biological molecule The function of a protein depend on its 3dimensional shape The amino acid sequence of ...
... Proteins are polymers consisting of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Proteins contain a wide range of functional groups Proteins P i can interact i with i h one another h and d with ih other biological molecule The function of a protein depend on its 3dimensional shape The amino acid sequence of ...
Lecture 3: Glycolysis Part 2 - University of California, Berkeley
... reaction. The oxidation is on the carbon. This is aided by the abstraction of the proton on the -OH group, ending up with a thioester. Thioesters. The hydrolysis of thioesters is much more strongly downhill than the hydrolysis of simple esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilizat ...
... reaction. The oxidation is on the carbon. This is aided by the abstraction of the proton on the -OH group, ending up with a thioester. Thioesters. The hydrolysis of thioesters is much more strongly downhill than the hydrolysis of simple esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilizat ...
Nerve activates contraction
... produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). • Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons. • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glycolysis shuts down. • Under aerobic c ...
... produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). • Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons. • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glycolysis shuts down. • Under aerobic c ...
Methods in Cell Biology
... during lecture, you will be expected to know this information for the exam. I can address any questions you may have during the lab period or by email. • Notice that in the notes section below each slide I have added information and explanations for the images/text on that slide when necessary. ...
... during lecture, you will be expected to know this information for the exam. I can address any questions you may have during the lab period or by email. • Notice that in the notes section below each slide I have added information and explanations for the images/text on that slide when necessary. ...
Module title1
... Simple biochemical experiments with the use of biochemical analyses, PowerPoint presentations during lectures, consultations. Lecture topics cover: homeostasis, water In living organisms, water content in different types of tissues, pH, dynamic equilibrium; macro- , microelements and their main func ...
... Simple biochemical experiments with the use of biochemical analyses, PowerPoint presentations during lectures, consultations. Lecture topics cover: homeostasis, water In living organisms, water content in different types of tissues, pH, dynamic equilibrium; macro- , microelements and their main func ...
Module 1 Lecture 7
... peroxisomes. But when some yeasts are grown on methanol, they develop large peroxisomes that oxidize methanol; and when grown on fatty acids, they develop large peroxisomes that break down fatty acids to acetyl CoA by β oxidation. Peroxisomes are also important in plants. Two different types have be ...
... peroxisomes. But when some yeasts are grown on methanol, they develop large peroxisomes that oxidize methanol; and when grown on fatty acids, they develop large peroxisomes that break down fatty acids to acetyl CoA by β oxidation. Peroxisomes are also important in plants. Two different types have be ...
Intro to Metabolism II and Glycolysis
... d. 2 more ATP produced, to bring the grand total to 2 for the whole process. XXV. Pyruvate is the terminal electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation [S25] a. When glycolysis is run aerobically, you have to recycle NADH generated during the early stages b. Lactate fermentation achieves this via r ...
... d. 2 more ATP produced, to bring the grand total to 2 for the whole process. XXV. Pyruvate is the terminal electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation [S25] a. When glycolysis is run aerobically, you have to recycle NADH generated during the early stages b. Lactate fermentation achieves this via r ...
Document
... H HH HH HH HH H H HH HH HH HH HH H H HH O H- C- C- C- C- C- C-C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C-O-H H HH HH HH HH H H HH HH HH HH HH H H HH (about 50% longer than long-chain FAs) ...
... H HH HH HH HH H H HH HH HH HH HH H H HH O H- C- C- C- C- C- C-C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C-O-H H HH HH HH HH H H HH HH HH HH HH H H HH (about 50% longer than long-chain FAs) ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.