Lesson Overview
... Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are named as such because they are essential to all life forms, hence the prefix “pro” meaning “before.” Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids. Proteins perform many varied functions, such ...
... Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are named as such because they are essential to all life forms, hence the prefix “pro” meaning “before.” Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids. Proteins perform many varied functions, such ...
UNIT 5 ENERGY AND LIVING CELLS
... Function: is to separate hydrogen atoms into electrons and protons and carry the e- away. ( final electron acceptor is oxygen O2) - All H+ is left on the inside of the membrane therefore setting up a H+ gradient. ATPases: Enzymes that act on ATP to make or break the phosphate bonds. ...
... Function: is to separate hydrogen atoms into electrons and protons and carry the e- away. ( final electron acceptor is oxygen O2) - All H+ is left on the inside of the membrane therefore setting up a H+ gradient. ATPases: Enzymes that act on ATP to make or break the phosphate bonds. ...
Phospholipids: Membrane Components Steroids: Four Fused Rings
... Metabolism Enzymes bring reactants together and thereby speed chemical reactions in cells. They are specific for one particular type of reaction and can function at body temperature. Support Some proteins have a structural function. For example, keratin makes up hair and nails, while collagen lends ...
... Metabolism Enzymes bring reactants together and thereby speed chemical reactions in cells. They are specific for one particular type of reaction and can function at body temperature. Support Some proteins have a structural function. For example, keratin makes up hair and nails, while collagen lends ...
Lipid Metabolism: Power Point presentation
... • Longer fatty acids are produced from palmitate using special enzymes. • Unsaturated cis bonds are incorporated into a 10-carbon fatty acid that is elongated further. ...
... • Longer fatty acids are produced from palmitate using special enzymes. • Unsaturated cis bonds are incorporated into a 10-carbon fatty acid that is elongated further. ...
Oxidation of Cytoplasmic Reduced NAD (NADH+H )
... covalent bonds between carbon atoms or in the form of ATP molecules, into kinetic energy (energy in use) to accomplish cell division, growth, biosynthesis, active transport and all other processes that need energy. Although complicated, biological systems obey the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. ...
... covalent bonds between carbon atoms or in the form of ATP molecules, into kinetic energy (energy in use) to accomplish cell division, growth, biosynthesis, active transport and all other processes that need energy. Although complicated, biological systems obey the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. ...
LEC 7 respiration
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
Sport`s Nutrition Slides
... minutes, glucose is broken down anaerobically through glycolysis. You can produce energy very fast this way, but not for long. Glucose is broken down to pyruvate, so when not enough oxygen is available, lactic acid forms. Lactic acid changes the pH in the muscle, which results in the burning sensati ...
... minutes, glucose is broken down anaerobically through glycolysis. You can produce energy very fast this way, but not for long. Glucose is broken down to pyruvate, so when not enough oxygen is available, lactic acid forms. Lactic acid changes the pH in the muscle, which results in the burning sensati ...
Lecture 7 (2/06/08) " Single
... fatty acids involved in cell signaling. ______________ 2. In order to make long polymers of sugar, two monomers can be brought together by enzymes such that their hydroxyl groups (-OH) through couple together. This catalysis is an example of a _______________reaction. condensation ...
... fatty acids involved in cell signaling. ______________ 2. In order to make long polymers of sugar, two monomers can be brought together by enzymes such that their hydroxyl groups (-OH) through couple together. This catalysis is an example of a _______________reaction. condensation ...
L-1 - West Ada
... (Nucleic Acids) L-2 An allosteric enzyme that is normally in an inactive state, must bond with an ___________ to become active. (Activator) L-2 Name 2 of the 4 organic molecules that contain nitrogen. (proteins/amino acids and nucleic acids) L-2 Which gas is released by plants during photosynthesis ...
... (Nucleic Acids) L-2 An allosteric enzyme that is normally in an inactive state, must bond with an ___________ to become active. (Activator) L-2 Name 2 of the 4 organic molecules that contain nitrogen. (proteins/amino acids and nucleic acids) L-2 Which gas is released by plants during photosynthesis ...
Fermentation - mvhs
... Fermentation • Occurs when there is no oxygen available • allows some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen – ATP yield would be lower, though. Do you know why? – Only glycolysis is carried out– only 2 ATP produced. ...
... Fermentation • Occurs when there is no oxygen available • allows some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen – ATP yield would be lower, though. Do you know why? – Only glycolysis is carried out– only 2 ATP produced. ...
Enzymes of nucleotide biosynthesis: differences between intact and
... It is a commonly held belief that nucleated cells have a requirement for a balanced supply of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, but is this true for all cells? Our own recent studies [4] accord with those of others [5] and indicate that this does not apply to phytohaemagglutininstimulated T-lymphoc ...
... It is a commonly held belief that nucleated cells have a requirement for a balanced supply of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, but is this true for all cells? Our own recent studies [4] accord with those of others [5] and indicate that this does not apply to phytohaemagglutininstimulated T-lymphoc ...
Biuret test - WordPress.com
... charged. Neutralization of this charge bring proteins to the isoelectric point. At this point, maximum precipitation of proteins take place and the protein particles bear zero net charge. Each protein has its own isoelectric point, since they may be precipitating by providing the positively charged ...
... charged. Neutralization of this charge bring proteins to the isoelectric point. At this point, maximum precipitation of proteins take place and the protein particles bear zero net charge. Each protein has its own isoelectric point, since they may be precipitating by providing the positively charged ...
Assessing the Impact of Autophagy on Cellular Metabolism
... process that involves the digestion and recycling of damaged or exhausted organelles, or other cellular components via lysosomes. First described in the 1950s using ultrastructural studies, autophagic mechanism research gained increased interest during the 1990s with the identification of autophagy- ...
... process that involves the digestion and recycling of damaged or exhausted organelles, or other cellular components via lysosomes. First described in the 1950s using ultrastructural studies, autophagic mechanism research gained increased interest during the 1990s with the identification of autophagy- ...
Lipid metabolism
... There are three fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenases specific for a different acyl chain length. Different enzymes are involved indifferent stages of beta oxidation. Long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase(LCAD) acts on ...
... There are three fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenases specific for a different acyl chain length. Different enzymes are involved indifferent stages of beta oxidation. Long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase(LCAD) acts on ...
How does every cell get a copy of DNA?
... Then, the DNA ladder splits in two. The hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together are broken. The A’s separate from the T’s and the G’s separate from the C’s. It is like the DNA ...
... Then, the DNA ladder splits in two. The hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together are broken. The A’s separate from the T’s and the G’s separate from the C’s. It is like the DNA ...
The five main types of redox reactions are combination
... are those in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. This occurs because in such reactions, electrons are always transferred between species. Redox reactions take place through either a simple process, such as the burning of carbon in oxygen to yield carbon dioxide (CO2), or a more compl ...
... are those in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. This occurs because in such reactions, electrons are always transferred between species. Redox reactions take place through either a simple process, such as the burning of carbon in oxygen to yield carbon dioxide (CO2), or a more compl ...
Separation and analysis of amino acids
... molecules, for example: • Tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter seretonin. • Glycine is a precursor of porphyrins such as heme. • Arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide. • Carnitine, made in the body from the amino acids lysine and methionine, is used in lipid transport within a cell. • ...
... molecules, for example: • Tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter seretonin. • Glycine is a precursor of porphyrins such as heme. • Arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide. • Carnitine, made in the body from the amino acids lysine and methionine, is used in lipid transport within a cell. • ...
Chap. 3. "Amino Acids and the Primary Structures of Proteins
... the pKas of the ionizable groups that when titrated produce, or remove the zero-charge form from solution (Figs. 3.6 & 3.7). Solutions of amino acids are good buffers when the solution pH equals either pK1, pK2, or pKR. Solutions are very poor buffers at the pI. The relative proportions of charged f ...
... the pKas of the ionizable groups that when titrated produce, or remove the zero-charge form from solution (Figs. 3.6 & 3.7). Solutions of amino acids are good buffers when the solution pH equals either pK1, pK2, or pKR. Solutions are very poor buffers at the pI. The relative proportions of charged f ...
Supplementary Material
... see that the two pathways for hydrolyzing fatty acids to ATP, i.e., β-oxidation to acetyl-CoA and conversion to dehydroxyacetone, are already congested by glucose metabolism or reduced by the lack of NAD+, hence leading to the accumulation of fatty acids observed in hypoxic cells. Because of the ove ...
... see that the two pathways for hydrolyzing fatty acids to ATP, i.e., β-oxidation to acetyl-CoA and conversion to dehydroxyacetone, are already congested by glucose metabolism or reduced by the lack of NAD+, hence leading to the accumulation of fatty acids observed in hypoxic cells. Because of the ove ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.