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Protein Synthesis Lab: Day #1
Protein Synthesis Lab: Day #1

... to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they are folded and can even have carbohydrates or lipids added to them to produce functioning proteins. An amino acid chain cannot perform a function until it has been folded into its functional shape. Amino acid chains are also known as polypeptide chains. ...
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... in scurvy. A vivid description of this disease was given by Jacques Cartier in 1536, when it afflicted his men as they were exploring the Saint Lawrence River: Some did lose all their strength, and could not stand on their feet… Others also had all their skins spotted with spots of blood of a purple ...
7 Dynamics of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis
7 Dynamics of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis

... to the ability of this organism to rapidly convert the sugars present in milk to lactic acid, whereby a preservative effect is obtained. L. lactis is generally considered homofermentative, i.e., lactic acid is produced as the major end product, and when grown on a rapidly fermentable sugar such as g ...
Protein - people.vcu.edu
Protein - people.vcu.edu

... In some cases structures common to several proteins with similar functions have been identified. One example is the helix-turn-helix motif, a stretch of about 20 amino acids consisting of two alpha-helices separated by a bend. Proteins that have this structure, with specific amino acids in key posit ...
Protein Modification, targeting and degradation Protein modification
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Section B - 8 UNO NON-WASTE CHEMICAL STORAGE
Section B - 8 UNO NON-WASTE CHEMICAL STORAGE

... Based on the information given in the EPA document mentioned above, eight general compatibility categories have been developed for use at UNO. Incompatibilities within those categories are broken down into classes. These compatibility classes are described below. The compatibility classes are prior ...
ASPARTIC ACID, ASPARAGINE, GLUTAMIC ACID, AND
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... _____ Vitamin A can be enzymatically formed from dietary -carotene. _____ Retinoic acid is the light-absorbing portion of rhodopsin. _____ Prolonged deficiency of vitamin D will result in increased density of bone. _____ Vitamin K1 is present in high concentrations in cow’s or breast milk. _____ Wa ...
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...  most human enzymes = pH 6-8  depends on localized conditions  pepsin (stomach) = pH 2-3  trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 ...
Redox Reactions - KFUPM Faculty List
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Chapter 11
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... heat (which we have not shown to keep the example simple). Molecular oxygen (O2) is shown because the equation is for aerobic respiration (i.e., with oxygen)—the kind of respiration that occurs in plants and animals in the presence of ample O2. The overall efficiency of the process, in terms of conv ...
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AP Biology 2007-2008 Chemistry of Carbon Building

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... •  Gene Conversion: Segment of genetic material from one chromosome is copied onto the other without changes in the donor chromosome. ...
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... The building blocks are used to form typical biopolymers such as proteins (amino acids), polysaccharides (monosaccharides), DNA/RNA (mononucleotides), and lipids (molecular aggregates) (Table 1.3). The function of these biopolymers tends to be the same in all living organisms. In addition, the basic ...
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... Proteins have multiple roles within the cell: as enzymes, signals, structural components, defense, transport, and storage among other things. The types of protein produced within a cell depend on the information stored in the cell’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). In eukaryotic cells, DNA is housed in ...
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... evolves and exploits a range of inherent systems to create a rich repertoire of complex metabolites that hold adaptive significance for survival in diverse ecological niches. These phytochemical derivatives of secondary metabolism confer a multitude of adaptive and evolutionary advantages to the pro ...
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Bioreaction Network Topology and Metabolic Flux Ratio
Bioreaction Network Topology and Metabolic Flux Ratio

... 1995; Szyperski, 1995). Consequently, several major biosynthetic pathways can be analyzed in a single experiment. A major advantage of this indirect, biomass-oriented approach emerges when amino acids are derived from cellular protein, which represents about 550 of the biomass of an average Escheric ...
AP Biology Chapter 9.2016
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... and in the process, NADH gives up its electrons to form NAD+. • As in alcoholic fermentation, the NAD+ can now be used for glycolysis. When O2 becomes available, lactate can be broken down. • Because O2 is required to break down lactate, lactate fermentation creates an oxygen debt. ...
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Essential Outcomes Biology
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... B.2.1 Describe features common to all cells that are essential for growth and survival, and explain their functions. B.2.2 Describe the structure of a cell membrane and explain how it regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell and prevents harmful materials from entering the cell. ...
Carbon transfer from dissolved organic carbon to the cladoceran
Carbon transfer from dissolved organic carbon to the cladoceran

... protists (Sherr and Sherr, 1994; Rösel et al., 2012). Their ability of HUFA synthesis was previously reported (Hauvermale et al., 2006; Chu et al., 2008). So, we hypothesized that heterotrophic microbes may play important roles in transferring t-DOC to zooplankton. To test our hypothesis, we traced ...
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Elite Fuel® White Papers ©

... of  naturally  occurring  B12  is  the  type  required  for  processing  branched  chain  amino  acids  through  the   Krebs  cycle.    The  Krebs  cycle  is  the  process  by  which  our  mitochondria  create  ATP  to  fuel  muscle ...
Digital Coding of Amino Acids Based on Hydrophobic Index
Digital Coding of Amino Acids Based on Hydrophobic Index

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Metabolism



Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.
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