Electron transport chain
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
The Metabolism of Triglycerides by Spores of Penic
... activities of the cultures with this substrate were of the same order as the rate of spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate at pH 7. The more stable o-nitrophenylbutyrate did not spontaneously hydrolyze although non-enzymic hydrolysis in presence of certain nitrogen compounds, e.g. proline and ammo ...
... activities of the cultures with this substrate were of the same order as the rate of spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate at pH 7. The more stable o-nitrophenylbutyrate did not spontaneously hydrolyze although non-enzymic hydrolysis in presence of certain nitrogen compounds, e.g. proline and ammo ...
pH Homeostasis in Lactic Acid Bacteria
... acid bacteria used as dairy starters, only the lactobacilli (Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) appear to grow optimally at acid pH; maximal growth occurs at pH 5.5 to 5.8 (9, 95). Not only do most lactic acid bacteria grow more slowly at low pH, but acid damage ...
... acid bacteria used as dairy starters, only the lactobacilli (Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) appear to grow optimally at acid pH; maximal growth occurs at pH 5.5 to 5.8 (9, 95). Not only do most lactic acid bacteria grow more slowly at low pH, but acid damage ...
Crystal structure of a membrane-bound l-amino acid
... (DNP, Sangon Biotech) was added and mixed, and the reactions were further incubated at room temperature for 15 min to generate brownish-red dinitrophenylhydrazone. Next, 4 mL of 0.8 M NaOH was added, and additional incubation of 15 min was applied at room temperature. Finally, the mixture was centri ...
... (DNP, Sangon Biotech) was added and mixed, and the reactions were further incubated at room temperature for 15 min to generate brownish-red dinitrophenylhydrazone. Next, 4 mL of 0.8 M NaOH was added, and additional incubation of 15 min was applied at room temperature. Finally, the mixture was centri ...
Method to protect a targeted amino acid residue during random mutagenesis
... Random mutagenesis methods are frequently biased. In PCR mutagenesis, mutations of the type T/A-to-x occur far more often than others (3,4). Thus, the frequency of mutation at F26 (TTT) is expected to be relatively high. Indeed, nine out of 10 sequenced mutants with C40 activity had mutations at thi ...
... Random mutagenesis methods are frequently biased. In PCR mutagenesis, mutations of the type T/A-to-x occur far more often than others (3,4). Thus, the frequency of mutation at F26 (TTT) is expected to be relatively high. Indeed, nine out of 10 sequenced mutants with C40 activity had mutations at thi ...
Chapter 6 - Section 4 -The Building Block of Life
... Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material Carbohydrates: Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. General Formula: (CH2O)n where n = number of units in a chain Example: ...
... Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material Carbohydrates: Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. General Formula: (CH2O)n where n = number of units in a chain Example: ...
Structure
... glucose is released into the blood stream. Muscle cells obtain glucose from the blood and from glycogen stored within the muscle cell. Fat serves as another energy-rich fuel source. Free fatty acids released from adipose tissue or from the liver can be taken up by the muscle cells and burned aerobic ...
... glucose is released into the blood stream. Muscle cells obtain glucose from the blood and from glycogen stored within the muscle cell. Fat serves as another energy-rich fuel source. Free fatty acids released from adipose tissue or from the liver can be taken up by the muscle cells and burned aerobic ...
Preference for and learning of amino acids in larval
... canonical amino acids, including those classified as essential for egg-production in adult Drosophila (Sang and King, 1961). Larvae are the feeding and growth stages of holometabolous insects, and as such lend themselves to studies of chemosensory behaviour (Gerber and Stocker, 2007; Gerber et al., ...
... canonical amino acids, including those classified as essential for egg-production in adult Drosophila (Sang and King, 1961). Larvae are the feeding and growth stages of holometabolous insects, and as such lend themselves to studies of chemosensory behaviour (Gerber and Stocker, 2007; Gerber et al., ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Bacterial class A acid
... The role of phosphate esters is vitally important for all cell processes.[1-3] They play an essential part in photosynthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the nitrogen cycle, immune response, host-pathogen interactions, transmembrane signaling, activation of metabolites, cellular control by pr ...
... The role of phosphate esters is vitally important for all cell processes.[1-3] They play an essential part in photosynthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the nitrogen cycle, immune response, host-pathogen interactions, transmembrane signaling, activation of metabolites, cellular control by pr ...
... Choice B: The version of Phosphofructose kinase (PFK) in the muscle is different than that from the liver. Although both catalyze the same reaction, they are regulated differently. Based on your knowledge of PFK in the liver, and your knowledge of liver and muscle function, suggest how PFK in the mu ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... Rotation of the base around the glycosidic bond is sterically hindered In the syn conformation there would be some interference between the base and the 2’hydroxyl of the sugar Therefore pyrimidines are always anti, and purines are usually anti Furanose and base rings are roughly ...
... Rotation of the base around the glycosidic bond is sterically hindered In the syn conformation there would be some interference between the base and the 2’hydroxyl of the sugar Therefore pyrimidines are always anti, and purines are usually anti Furanose and base rings are roughly ...
Saimaa University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Technology, Imatra, Finland ’s Degree Bachelor
... source. There are three kinds of raw materials that can be used, which are animal organs, plant materials and micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi and yeast). For the animal organs, the low temperature must be kept to protect activity of enzyme. Plant materials can be ground with different grinders and ...
... source. There are three kinds of raw materials that can be used, which are animal organs, plant materials and micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi and yeast). For the animal organs, the low temperature must be kept to protect activity of enzyme. Plant materials can be ground with different grinders and ...
Complex III
... electron transfers from the reduced flavin to the series of three iron–sulfur clusters In those species with a cytochrome b anchor, the heme group is not part of the electron transfer pathway. ...
... electron transfers from the reduced flavin to the series of three iron–sulfur clusters In those species with a cytochrome b anchor, the heme group is not part of the electron transfer pathway. ...
Discovery of substrate cycles in large scale metabolic networks
... Background: A substrate cycle is a set of metabolic reactions, arranged in a loop, which does not result in net consumption or production of the metabolites. The cycle operates by transforming a cofactor, e.g. oxidizing a reducing equivalent. Substrate cycles have been found experimentally in many p ...
... Background: A substrate cycle is a set of metabolic reactions, arranged in a loop, which does not result in net consumption or production of the metabolites. The cycle operates by transforming a cofactor, e.g. oxidizing a reducing equivalent. Substrate cycles have been found experimentally in many p ...
Macromolecular Crystallography in India, IUCr, 2017
... sequence, perform sequence-‐specific methylation (modification), and nucleolytically cleave the DNA (restriction) subsequent to translocation of the DNA by hydrolysis of NTP. Modification of host DNA protec ...
... sequence, perform sequence-‐specific methylation (modification), and nucleolytically cleave the DNA (restriction) subsequent to translocation of the DNA by hydrolysis of NTP. Modification of host DNA protec ...
Translation is simply the decoding of nucleotide sequences on
... in genes (DNA).The synthesis of every protein molecule in a cell is directed by an mRNA, originally copied from DNA. Synthesis of RNA from DNA template is called transcription and the process is catalyzed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Next step is the synthesis of polypeptide (protein) from mR ...
... in genes (DNA).The synthesis of every protein molecule in a cell is directed by an mRNA, originally copied from DNA. Synthesis of RNA from DNA template is called transcription and the process is catalyzed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Next step is the synthesis of polypeptide (protein) from mR ...
The Chemical Diversity of Bioactive Molecules and Therapeutic
... records were prepared. The specific plants to be used and the methods of application for particular ailments were passed down through oral history. Later on, information regarding medicinal plants was recorded in herbals [2]. Historically, herbal drugs were used as tinctures, poultices, powders and ...
... records were prepared. The specific plants to be used and the methods of application for particular ailments were passed down through oral history. Later on, information regarding medicinal plants was recorded in herbals [2]. Historically, herbal drugs were used as tinctures, poultices, powders and ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.