Leptin Exhibits Pluripotent Effects on Appetite and Metabolism
... melanocyte-stimulating hormone). The ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains dopamine neurons that are important in modulating motivated behavior, addiction and reward. VTA dopamine neurons express leptin receptors, thus respond to leptin with activation of an intracellular JAK-STAT pathway and a redu ...
... melanocyte-stimulating hormone). The ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains dopamine neurons that are important in modulating motivated behavior, addiction and reward. VTA dopamine neurons express leptin receptors, thus respond to leptin with activation of an intracellular JAK-STAT pathway and a redu ...
Altering substrate specificity of catechol 2,3
... Protein concentrations of the crude extract from cultured bacteria were determined by the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976). One unit of C23O activity was defined as the enzyme amount required to generate 1 µmol of product per minute. The specific activity of the enzyme is defined in mU per milligram ...
... Protein concentrations of the crude extract from cultured bacteria were determined by the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976). One unit of C23O activity was defined as the enzyme amount required to generate 1 µmol of product per minute. The specific activity of the enzyme is defined in mU per milligram ...
Unit 8A
... A more oxidized cytosolic redox state in autism could favor anaerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation as a source of adenosine triphosphate. Although skeletal muscle can tolerate this shift in metabolism, consequences for brain function could be devastating due to its heavy reliance on mit ...
... A more oxidized cytosolic redox state in autism could favor anaerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation as a source of adenosine triphosphate. Although skeletal muscle can tolerate this shift in metabolism, consequences for brain function could be devastating due to its heavy reliance on mit ...
Energy Metabolism in the Erythrocytes of Premature
... From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. ...
... From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. ...
Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts 63: 343-352, 1993.
... species Kluyveromyces lactis and K. marxianus (Romanos et al. 1992). Several arguments have been put forward to use 'non-Saccharomyces yeasts' as hosts for heterologous gene expression, including broader substrate specificity, availability of strong inducible promoters, absence of aerobic alcoholic ...
... species Kluyveromyces lactis and K. marxianus (Romanos et al. 1992). Several arguments have been put forward to use 'non-Saccharomyces yeasts' as hosts for heterologous gene expression, including broader substrate specificity, availability of strong inducible promoters, absence of aerobic alcoholic ...
Health relevance of intestinal protein fermentation in young
... research in pigs in the past years, and the importance of intestinal microbial activity in the etiology of disease is doubtless. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the microbial ecology of protein fermentation and the appearance of protein-derived metabolites along the pig intest ...
... research in pigs in the past years, and the importance of intestinal microbial activity in the etiology of disease is doubtless. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the microbial ecology of protein fermentation and the appearance of protein-derived metabolites along the pig intest ...
The Biochemistry of Malic Acid Metabolism by Wine Yeasts
... and in the presence of high concentrations of glucose, cells of S. cerevisiae do not have functional mitochondria (Fraenkel, 1982), but cytosolic enzymes similar to those in the TCA cycle produce the necessary biosynthetic intermediates. The enzymatic reactions of the TCA cycle include the hydration ...
... and in the presence of high concentrations of glucose, cells of S. cerevisiae do not have functional mitochondria (Fraenkel, 1982), but cytosolic enzymes similar to those in the TCA cycle produce the necessary biosynthetic intermediates. The enzymatic reactions of the TCA cycle include the hydration ...
Is β-pleated sheet the molecular conformation which dictates
... Keywords: β-sheet; Chitin; Cuticular proteins; Helicoids; Secondary structure prediction ...
... Keywords: β-sheet; Chitin; Cuticular proteins; Helicoids; Secondary structure prediction ...
biochem_lec3_27-4
... These are the three major roots representing the source of cholesterol in the liver. It's obtained from 1) diet through chylomicron remnants then cholesterol is transferred to the liver, 2) other part is synthesized by the liver, 3) cholesterol synthesized and transported from the tissues to the liv ...
... These are the three major roots representing the source of cholesterol in the liver. It's obtained from 1) diet through chylomicron remnants then cholesterol is transferred to the liver, 2) other part is synthesized by the liver, 3) cholesterol synthesized and transported from the tissues to the liv ...
the phosphoglycerate mutase family studied by protein engineering
... The wealth of information available for this enzyme, together with its relatively simple reaction mechanism, means that it is an excellent candidate for further study using the technique of site-directed mutagenesis coupled with extensive kinetic and structural characterization of mutants. There are ...
... The wealth of information available for this enzyme, together with its relatively simple reaction mechanism, means that it is an excellent candidate for further study using the technique of site-directed mutagenesis coupled with extensive kinetic and structural characterization of mutants. There are ...
Intrinsically Disordered Domains of the B Cell Receptor
... combinations of amino acids and the structure of proteins are found in genes encoded in DNA. By transcribing DNA to messenger-RNA, that convey the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, biosynthesis of proteins can occur by the process called translation. Complex biomolecules, e.g. proteins, ...
... combinations of amino acids and the structure of proteins are found in genes encoded in DNA. By transcribing DNA to messenger-RNA, that convey the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, biosynthesis of proteins can occur by the process called translation. Complex biomolecules, e.g. proteins, ...
Mitochondrial metabolite transport
... transmembrane α-helices (H1–H6) lining a funnel-shaped cavity (occupied by the inhibitor) which is open towards the cytosol and closed on the matrix side by a salt-bridge network. This network is formed by the charged residues of the first part of the three signature motifs, PX[D/E]XX[R/K], which ar ...
... transmembrane α-helices (H1–H6) lining a funnel-shaped cavity (occupied by the inhibitor) which is open towards the cytosol and closed on the matrix side by a salt-bridge network. This network is formed by the charged residues of the first part of the three signature motifs, PX[D/E]XX[R/K], which ar ...
The Malaria Parasite`s Chloroquine Resistance Transporter is a
... Fidock et al. 2000)—have been implicated as playing a role in CQ resistance. Both are integral membrane proteins, localized to the parasite’s digestive vacuole membrane. In Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent of the human malaria parasites, mutations in the CRT protein (PfCRT) confer CQ resista ...
... Fidock et al. 2000)—have been implicated as playing a role in CQ resistance. Both are integral membrane proteins, localized to the parasite’s digestive vacuole membrane. In Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent of the human malaria parasites, mutations in the CRT protein (PfCRT) confer CQ resista ...
Lead (Pb) - American Nutrition Association
... in urine. Organic Mercurials: -more completely absorbed from GI tract b/c they are lipid soluble and less corrosive to intestinal mucosa. ->90% methylmercury (alkylmercury salt) is absorbed in GI tract -Able to cross BBB and placenta and produce ...
... in urine. Organic Mercurials: -more completely absorbed from GI tract b/c they are lipid soluble and less corrosive to intestinal mucosa. ->90% methylmercury (alkylmercury salt) is absorbed in GI tract -Able to cross BBB and placenta and produce ...
LWT Food Science and Technology
... all three groups of rats (Table 5). Epidemiological, experimental and clinical investigations have shown that moderate alcoholic beverages consumption positively influences morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary atherosclerosis (Leger et al., 1979; Moor and Pearson, 1986; Friedman and Kinb ...
... all three groups of rats (Table 5). Epidemiological, experimental and clinical investigations have shown that moderate alcoholic beverages consumption positively influences morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary atherosclerosis (Leger et al., 1979; Moor and Pearson, 1986; Friedman and Kinb ...
2 Ionic equilibria - University of Basrah
... • The strength of an acid or a base varies with the solvent. • HCl is a strong acid but it is a weak acid in glacial acetic acid. • Acetic acid, which is a weak acid, is a strong acid in liquid ammonia. • Consequently, the strength of an acid depends not ...
... • The strength of an acid or a base varies with the solvent. • HCl is a strong acid but it is a weak acid in glacial acetic acid. • Acetic acid, which is a weak acid, is a strong acid in liquid ammonia. • Consequently, the strength of an acid depends not ...
Expanding the Genetic Code
... autocatalytic re-ligation of peptide fragments generated by cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage of proteins, a phenomenon first noted by Dyckes et al. in 1974.[68] CNBr cleavage results in a C-terminal homoserine lactone, which reacts with a free N-terminus to reform the full-length protein. This appro ...
... autocatalytic re-ligation of peptide fragments generated by cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage of proteins, a phenomenon first noted by Dyckes et al. in 1974.[68] CNBr cleavage results in a C-terminal homoserine lactone, which reacts with a free N-terminus to reform the full-length protein. This appro ...
Deciphering the molecular basis of the specificity of protein
... Glycoproteins, proteins with covalently attached sugar residues, are commonly found on the surface of almost all cells where they give rise to a vast layer called glycocalyx. The intricacy of this layer confers cells with a distinctive identity that is recognized by proteins and other receptors. Suc ...
... Glycoproteins, proteins with covalently attached sugar residues, are commonly found on the surface of almost all cells where they give rise to a vast layer called glycocalyx. The intricacy of this layer confers cells with a distinctive identity that is recognized by proteins and other receptors. Suc ...
Neuropharmacological effects of triterpenoids
... the cyclization of these units. Finally, various chemical reactions such as hydroxylations and oxidations lead to the formation of individual terpenoids. Most of the triterpenes are derived from squalene, which is synthesized from the reductive coupling of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate by ...
... the cyclization of these units. Finally, various chemical reactions such as hydroxylations and oxidations lead to the formation of individual terpenoids. Most of the triterpenes are derived from squalene, which is synthesized from the reductive coupling of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate by ...
Molecular Characterization of a Hamster Oviduct
... BabOGP cDNA probe [20]. The BabOGP cDNA was partially amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the presence of DIG-11-dUTP. Based on the DNA sequence data described by Donnelly et al. [20], two oligonucleotides (a part of the sense or anti-sense sequence of a baboon oviduct-specific glyco ...
... BabOGP cDNA probe [20]. The BabOGP cDNA was partially amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the presence of DIG-11-dUTP. Based on the DNA sequence data described by Donnelly et al. [20], two oligonucleotides (a part of the sense or anti-sense sequence of a baboon oviduct-specific glyco ...
Simple models of the protein folding problem
... a small mixing part −0:3. Several authors have investigated the e"ect of the mixing contribution as a small perturbation to the additive potential [26 –29].) We have studied the model (1) on a three-dimensional cubic lattice and on a two-dimensional square lattice [23]. For the three-dimensional cas ...
... a small mixing part −0:3. Several authors have investigated the e"ect of the mixing contribution as a small perturbation to the additive potential [26 –29].) We have studied the model (1) on a three-dimensional cubic lattice and on a two-dimensional square lattice [23]. For the three-dimensional cas ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.