mammalian hibernation: biochemical adaptation
... their colony (surrounding the queen) at 34 to 358C throughout the winter by varying the rate and number of shivering bees and the density of packing of the cluster. The high rate of ATP production needed to support their shivering is supplied by aerobic sugar oxidation in muscle using the massive st ...
... their colony (surrounding the queen) at 34 to 358C throughout the winter by varying the rate and number of shivering bees and the density of packing of the cluster. The high rate of ATP production needed to support their shivering is supplied by aerobic sugar oxidation in muscle using the massive st ...
Prevention of Tryptophan Oxidation During Iodination of Tyrosyl
... of tryptophan-containing peptides of different com position. In all cases their Nin-formyl derivatives are much more stable towards iodinating reagents than their N-unsubstituted counterpart (Table IV). The formylation of tryptophan is a reversible reac tion: the formyl group, which is stable at ...
... of tryptophan-containing peptides of different com position. In all cases their Nin-formyl derivatives are much more stable towards iodinating reagents than their N-unsubstituted counterpart (Table IV). The formylation of tryptophan is a reversible reac tion: the formyl group, which is stable at ...
STRONG AND WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS IN Sm/LSm
... structures, however their cumulative effect can be profound and has a large influence on the conformational stability of a biomolecule [13,14]. What contributes to the stability of protein oligomers is the delicate balance between a variety of weak and strong non-covalent interactions. Hydrogen bond ...
... structures, however their cumulative effect can be profound and has a large influence on the conformational stability of a biomolecule [13,14]. What contributes to the stability of protein oligomers is the delicate balance between a variety of weak and strong non-covalent interactions. Hydrogen bond ...
How Energy Metabolism Supports Cerebral Function
... cleft and activates the post-synaptic glutamate receptors (mGluR, NMDA, AMPA, and kainate). Glutamate molecules that are left in the synaptic cleft are transported into astrocytes via the glutamate transporters (EAAT) using the electrochemical gradient of Na+ (1 glutamate is transported with 3 Na+ ) ...
... cleft and activates the post-synaptic glutamate receptors (mGluR, NMDA, AMPA, and kainate). Glutamate molecules that are left in the synaptic cleft are transported into astrocytes via the glutamate transporters (EAAT) using the electrochemical gradient of Na+ (1 glutamate is transported with 3 Na+ ) ...
Side-chain hydrophobicity scale derived from transmembrane
... values for model compounds of Asp and Glu side chains (29). It is reasonable to expect that a significant population of the guest Asp and Glu side chains in our system were protonated and thereby more easily partitioned into the membrane than they would have at normal physiological pH. Therefore, ou ...
... values for model compounds of Asp and Glu side chains (29). It is reasonable to expect that a significant population of the guest Asp and Glu side chains in our system were protonated and thereby more easily partitioned into the membrane than they would have at normal physiological pH. Therefore, ou ...
Pain-Free Biochemistry. An Essential Guide for the Health Sciences Brochure
... Topic 19 Fats: digestion, transport, storage and mobilisation. Topic 20 Fats: oxidation of fatty acids. Topic 21 Ketone bodies in health and disease. Topic 22 Dietary fat: essential fatty acids. Topic 23 Protein and amino acid breakdown. Topic 24 Shedding excess amino groups: urea cycle. SECTION 3 A ...
... Topic 19 Fats: digestion, transport, storage and mobilisation. Topic 20 Fats: oxidation of fatty acids. Topic 21 Ketone bodies in health and disease. Topic 22 Dietary fat: essential fatty acids. Topic 23 Protein and amino acid breakdown. Topic 24 Shedding excess amino groups: urea cycle. SECTION 3 A ...
A new classification scheme of the genetic code
... Conceivably, codon expansion from doublet to triplet could have arisen before this, or possibly not until all 16 amino acids were encoded. If one assumes the latter, then it is interesting to postulate for each doublet the corresponding old amino acid. Met (Wong 1975), Trp, Gln, Asn (Knight and Land ...
... Conceivably, codon expansion from doublet to triplet could have arisen before this, or possibly not until all 16 amino acids were encoded. If one assumes the latter, then it is interesting to postulate for each doublet the corresponding old amino acid. Met (Wong 1975), Trp, Gln, Asn (Knight and Land ...
Reactivities of HIV-1 gag-Derived Peptides with Antibodies of HIV
... infected patients during antiviral treatment. Tests using viral or recombinant p24 antigen on Western blots are, however, hampered by a significant degree of antibody-cross-reactions present in sera of not-infected human individuals. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on synthetic pe ...
... infected patients during antiviral treatment. Tests using viral or recombinant p24 antigen on Western blots are, however, hampered by a significant degree of antibody-cross-reactions present in sera of not-infected human individuals. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on synthetic pe ...
liver bile salts - Stanford Medicine
... ◦ Mice in which only one MDR3 gene was disrupted displayed half the normal phospholipid secretion but normal cholesterol secretion ◦ Homozygous knockouts had no cholesterol secretion ...
... ◦ Mice in which only one MDR3 gene was disrupted displayed half the normal phospholipid secretion but normal cholesterol secretion ◦ Homozygous knockouts had no cholesterol secretion ...
Chapter 2 Immobilization of Enzymes
... into the solution upon use. However, in order to achieve high levels of bound activity, the amino acid residues essential for catalytic activity must not be involved in the covalent linkage to the support, and this may prove a difficult requirement to fulfill in some cases. A simple procedure that s ...
... into the solution upon use. However, in order to achieve high levels of bound activity, the amino acid residues essential for catalytic activity must not be involved in the covalent linkage to the support, and this may prove a difficult requirement to fulfill in some cases. A simple procedure that s ...
Methylobacterium extorquens AM1
... multicarbon growth conditions (i.e., succinate as sole source of carbon and energy). These investigations include transcriptomic [15], proteomic [16,17], and metabolomic studies [18,19]. The core of the central metabolism of M. extorquens AM1 was described to encompass 85 biochemical reactions that ...
... multicarbon growth conditions (i.e., succinate as sole source of carbon and energy). These investigations include transcriptomic [15], proteomic [16,17], and metabolomic studies [18,19]. The core of the central metabolism of M. extorquens AM1 was described to encompass 85 biochemical reactions that ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
... spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facilitates carbohydrate oxidation in the heart. Methods and Results—Ex vivo, following hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate infusion, the [1-13C]acetylcarnitine resonance was saturated with a radiofrequency pulse, and the effect of this satura ...
... spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facilitates carbohydrate oxidation in the heart. Methods and Results—Ex vivo, following hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate infusion, the [1-13C]acetylcarnitine resonance was saturated with a radiofrequency pulse, and the effect of this satura ...
Protein synthesis 2 - Pima Community College : Directories
... – Redundant: More than one codon for some amino acids – Unambiguous: Any codon for one amino acid does not code for any other amino acid – Does not contain spacers or punctuation: Codons are adjacent to each other with no gaps in between ...
... – Redundant: More than one codon for some amino acids – Unambiguous: Any codon for one amino acid does not code for any other amino acid – Does not contain spacers or punctuation: Codons are adjacent to each other with no gaps in between ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
... spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facilitates carbohydrate oxidation in the heart. Methods and Results—Ex vivo, following hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate infusion, the [1-13C]acetylcarnitine resonance was saturated with a radiofrequency pulse, and the effect of this satura ...
... spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facilitates carbohydrate oxidation in the heart. Methods and Results—Ex vivo, following hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate infusion, the [1-13C]acetylcarnitine resonance was saturated with a radiofrequency pulse, and the effect of this satura ...
Archive Microbiology
... organisms tested, no significant activity was found for either the exchange or the synthesis reaction. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was assayed by the NAD + reduction and was present with high activity in E. colt, Azotobacter, Micrococcus denitrificans and also in Anacystis nidulans (Table 2). ...
... organisms tested, no significant activity was found for either the exchange or the synthesis reaction. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was assayed by the NAD + reduction and was present with high activity in E. colt, Azotobacter, Micrococcus denitrificans and also in Anacystis nidulans (Table 2). ...
The KIPHOS gene encoding a repressible acid
... different genera varies in the number of genes involved and also in the way these are regulated. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, four genes encoding phosphatases ...
... different genera varies in the number of genes involved and also in the way these are regulated. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, four genes encoding phosphatases ...
Regeneration of Cofactors for Enzyme Biocatalysis
... DHs to resolve racemic mixtures of chiral alcohols and amines. The best general method for NAD(P)+ regeneration has been achieved by using glutamate dehydrogenase (GluDH) to catalyze the oxidation of ammonium α-ketoglutarate to glutamic acid. Disadvantages of GluDH are its moderate specific activity ...
... DHs to resolve racemic mixtures of chiral alcohols and amines. The best general method for NAD(P)+ regeneration has been achieved by using glutamate dehydrogenase (GluDH) to catalyze the oxidation of ammonium α-ketoglutarate to glutamic acid. Disadvantages of GluDH are its moderate specific activity ...
... 9. (16 pts) What features does the active site of an enzyme possess? Explain how these features confer both substrate specificity and catalytic ability (12 pts). Illustrate your answer with one example of an enzyme (4 pts). The active site of an enzyme contains amino acid side chains that: a) intera ...
- Sportscience
... involved in intense training. FURTHER RESEARCH. All supplements reviewed here need more evaluation for safety and effects on athletic performance. KEYWORDS: anabolic, BCAA, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, ergogenic, glutamine, HMB, hydroxymethylbutyrate, training ...
... involved in intense training. FURTHER RESEARCH. All supplements reviewed here need more evaluation for safety and effects on athletic performance. KEYWORDS: anabolic, BCAA, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, ergogenic, glutamine, HMB, hydroxymethylbutyrate, training ...
Otto F. Meyerhof - Nobel Lecture
... research on the part of Parnas and Verzar. In what relation the lactic acid stands to muscle performance, where it comes from and what becomes of it when it disappears in the presence of oxygen, was completely obscure. In fact, there were several different, irreconcilable interpretations current, al ...
... research on the part of Parnas and Verzar. In what relation the lactic acid stands to muscle performance, where it comes from and what becomes of it when it disappears in the presence of oxygen, was completely obscure. In fact, there were several different, irreconcilable interpretations current, al ...
The Structural Basis of Molecular Adaptation
... ancestral sequence that its entire gene was synthesized chemically. Nevertheless, the reconstructed chymase is highly active, efficiently cleaving angiotensin I to form angiotensin II (table 1). It does not cleave angiotensin II at the Tyr4-Ile5 bond, however. This experiment demonstrates that the n ...
... ancestral sequence that its entire gene was synthesized chemically. Nevertheless, the reconstructed chymase is highly active, efficiently cleaving angiotensin I to form angiotensin II (table 1). It does not cleave angiotensin II at the Tyr4-Ile5 bond, however. This experiment demonstrates that the n ...
Comparative genomic analysis of carbon and nitrogen assimilation
... The employment of microorganisms for metal recovery from low-grade ores and mineral concentrates and secondary materials, has developed into a successful and expanding area of biotechnology. In association with this interest, microbial communities of extreme acidophilic prokaryotes from bioleaching ...
... The employment of microorganisms for metal recovery from low-grade ores and mineral concentrates and secondary materials, has developed into a successful and expanding area of biotechnology. In association with this interest, microbial communities of extreme acidophilic prokaryotes from bioleaching ...
Amino acid sequence and structural repeats in schistosome
... 28-residue ancestral peptide by a series of gene duplications (McLachlan, 1984). Recent studies of the genomic sequence of mammalian myosin heavy chains suggest, however, that other more complex mechanisms may have produced these simple structural repeats (Strehler et al., 1986). The same regularity ...
... 28-residue ancestral peptide by a series of gene duplications (McLachlan, 1984). Recent studies of the genomic sequence of mammalian myosin heavy chains suggest, however, that other more complex mechanisms may have produced these simple structural repeats (Strehler et al., 1986). The same regularity ...
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) is a
... The word reduction originally referred to the loss in weight upon heating a metallic ore such as a metal oxide to extract the metal. In other words, ore was "reduced" to metal. Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) showed that this loss of weight was due to the loss of oxygen as a gas. Later, scientists rea ...
... The word reduction originally referred to the loss in weight upon heating a metallic ore such as a metal oxide to extract the metal. In other words, ore was "reduced" to metal. Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) showed that this loss of weight was due to the loss of oxygen as a gas. Later, scientists rea ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.