Slide 1
... consequence of the second law, and is unavoidable; it can be reduced only by reducing the amount of energy we use. ...
... consequence of the second law, and is unavoidable; it can be reduced only by reducing the amount of energy we use. ...
Lecture 5
... • Using values in Table 2.2, we predict a pressure of ~1.5 GPa • For volume pressure dependence expressed by constant ,βthe integral would be: ...
... • Using values in Table 2.2, we predict a pressure of ~1.5 GPa • For volume pressure dependence expressed by constant ,βthe integral would be: ...
The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Preview of
... The concept of a heat engine is crucial to modern civilization. Heat engines, beginning with James Watt’s invention of the steam engine, are the basis of the mechanical age where machines do work. The vast majority of machines which produce useful work do so ultimately by burning fuel and converting ...
... The concept of a heat engine is crucial to modern civilization. Heat engines, beginning with James Watt’s invention of the steam engine, are the basis of the mechanical age where machines do work. The vast majority of machines which produce useful work do so ultimately by burning fuel and converting ...
D12E12Safety1\4Curr\emet
... 7.6.4 explain and uses the “corresponding” relationship that exists between pressure and temperature for a saturated liquid or saturated vapour 7.6.5 demonstrate the above objective, using laboratory equipment 7.6.6 use tables of thermodynamic properties to determine values for enthalpy, internal en ...
... 7.6.4 explain and uses the “corresponding” relationship that exists between pressure and temperature for a saturated liquid or saturated vapour 7.6.5 demonstrate the above objective, using laboratory equipment 7.6.6 use tables of thermodynamic properties to determine values for enthalpy, internal en ...
Work and Energy
... Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics – if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other Allows for a definition of temperature (two objects have the same temperature when they are in thermal equilibirum) ...
... Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics – if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other Allows for a definition of temperature (two objects have the same temperature when they are in thermal equilibirum) ...
Introduction to Physical Chemistry – Lecture 7
... can be seen from the proof in Appendix B of Lecture 6, the Zeroth Law is easy to prove, and therefore may be regarded as unnecessary to state. However, let us go back in time, and imagine that we are living before we knew about the statistical basis for temperature. All we have is a vague notion of ...
... can be seen from the proof in Appendix B of Lecture 6, the Zeroth Law is easy to prove, and therefore may be regarded as unnecessary to state. However, let us go back in time, and imagine that we are living before we knew about the statistical basis for temperature. All we have is a vague notion of ...
ENTROPY
... pressure, it is offered zero resistance. Hence, no work is one by or upon the gas. If this sounds unconvincing, consider ∫PextdV. Since the external pressure is constant, we take it out of the integral, and since the external pressure is zero, the whole term is zero by itself. w, then, too becomes z ...
... pressure, it is offered zero resistance. Hence, no work is one by or upon the gas. If this sounds unconvincing, consider ∫PextdV. Since the external pressure is constant, we take it out of the integral, and since the external pressure is zero, the whole term is zero by itself. w, then, too becomes z ...
Unit II - Chemical Thermodynamics
... Clausius statement : It states that heat cannot flow itself from a cold body to a hot body spontaneously without the intervention of an external energy. Kelvin statement: It is impossible to take heat from a hot body and convert it completely into work by a cyclic process without transferring a part ...
... Clausius statement : It states that heat cannot flow itself from a cold body to a hot body spontaneously without the intervention of an external energy. Kelvin statement: It is impossible to take heat from a hot body and convert it completely into work by a cyclic process without transferring a part ...
Chapter 12
... If form A can be completely converted to form B, but the reverse is never complete, A is a higher grade of energy than B When a high-grade energy is converted to internal energy, it can never be fully recovered as high-grade energy Degradation of energy is the conversion of high-grade energy to ...
... If form A can be completely converted to form B, but the reverse is never complete, A is a higher grade of energy than B When a high-grade energy is converted to internal energy, it can never be fully recovered as high-grade energy Degradation of energy is the conversion of high-grade energy to ...
Chapter 12
... If form A can be completely converted to form B, but the reverse is never complete, A is a higher grade of energy than B When a high-grade energy is converted to internal energy, it can never be fully recovered as high-grade energy Degradation of energy is the conversion of high-grade energy to ...
... If form A can be completely converted to form B, but the reverse is never complete, A is a higher grade of energy than B When a high-grade energy is converted to internal energy, it can never be fully recovered as high-grade energy Degradation of energy is the conversion of high-grade energy to ...
The Laws of Thermodynamics
... way, and all of the electrical energy goes into heating the liquid. Similarly, when mechanical work is done to overcome friction, it too can be done in such a way that all the mechanical energy is converted to heat. In general the transformation of work (of any kind) into heat can be accomplished wi ...
... way, and all of the electrical energy goes into heating the liquid. Similarly, when mechanical work is done to overcome friction, it too can be done in such a way that all the mechanical energy is converted to heat. In general the transformation of work (of any kind) into heat can be accomplished wi ...
THERMODYNAMICS
... Relates 2 thermodynamic quantities: H (enthalpy) and S (entropy) At a constant temperature, the free energy change, ∆G, for a reaction is given by the Gibbs-Helmholtz ...
... Relates 2 thermodynamic quantities: H (enthalpy) and S (entropy) At a constant temperature, the free energy change, ∆G, for a reaction is given by the Gibbs-Helmholtz ...
Thermodynamics
... • Historically, these energy terms have been used inconsistently. In physics, free energy most often refers to the Helmholtz free energy, while in chemistry, free energy most often refers to the Gibbs free energy. • For processes involving a system at constant pressure p and temperature T, the Gibbs ...
... • Historically, these energy terms have been used inconsistently. In physics, free energy most often refers to the Helmholtz free energy, while in chemistry, free energy most often refers to the Gibbs free energy. • For processes involving a system at constant pressure p and temperature T, the Gibbs ...
1 st Law of Thermodynamics - Mr Hartan`s Science Class
... • The 1st law of thermodynamics is the principle of conservation of energy: energy in an isolated system can be transformed but cannot be created or destroyed. • The principle of conservation of energy can be modeled by the energy transformations along food chains and energy production systems. • Th ...
... • The 1st law of thermodynamics is the principle of conservation of energy: energy in an isolated system can be transformed but cannot be created or destroyed. • The principle of conservation of energy can be modeled by the energy transformations along food chains and energy production systems. • Th ...
LECTURE 7 General Relations for a Homogeneous Substance For
... Notice that the conjugate variables are always paired up. The sign changes when one changes the independent variable compared to the fundamental relation (42). Phase Transitions and the Clausius–Clapeyron Equation Let me try to give some idea of why these thermodynamic functions are useful. We know ...
... Notice that the conjugate variables are always paired up. The sign changes when one changes the independent variable compared to the fundamental relation (42). Phase Transitions and the Clausius–Clapeyron Equation Let me try to give some idea of why these thermodynamic functions are useful. We know ...
Engineering Building Room 2303 Mail Code Phone: 818-677
... 5. Kinetic energy terms are usually negligible unless the Mach number is large; potential energy terms are usually negligible unless the process specifically is intended to use potential energy changes (e.g., a hydroelectric plant. 6. The simplest open system is a steady-state, steady-flow system in ...
... 5. Kinetic energy terms are usually negligible unless the Mach number is large; potential energy terms are usually negligible unless the process specifically is intended to use potential energy changes (e.g., a hydroelectric plant. 6. The simplest open system is a steady-state, steady-flow system in ...
Constitutive Laws
... Advanced Transport Phenomena Module 3 Lecture 9 Constitutive Laws: Momentum Transfer Dr. R. Nagarajan Professor Dept of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras ...
... Advanced Transport Phenomena Module 3 Lecture 9 Constitutive Laws: Momentum Transfer Dr. R. Nagarajan Professor Dept of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras ...
PPT
... Our next state function: ENTROPY (consequence of Second Law) There exists a function called entropy S, of the extensive variables of a system, defined for all equilibrium states, such that the values assumed by the extensive variables are those that maximize S (at equilibrium) From the viewpoint of ...
... Our next state function: ENTROPY (consequence of Second Law) There exists a function called entropy S, of the extensive variables of a system, defined for all equilibrium states, such that the values assumed by the extensive variables are those that maximize S (at equilibrium) From the viewpoint of ...
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
... infinitesimally small, round spheres that occupy negligible volume and do not experience intermolecular attraction or repulsion. ...
... infinitesimally small, round spheres that occupy negligible volume and do not experience intermolecular attraction or repulsion. ...
Tutorial 1 / SS 2013
... pairs stay at the more electronegative species). For one-atomic ions the oxidation number corresponds to the charge. b) Write down the half-reactions for the oxidation of aluminium, lithium, magnesium and the half-reactions for the reduction of fluorine, chlorine and sulphur. Write down the formulas ...
... pairs stay at the more electronegative species). For one-atomic ions the oxidation number corresponds to the charge. b) Write down the half-reactions for the oxidation of aluminium, lithium, magnesium and the half-reactions for the reduction of fluorine, chlorine and sulphur. Write down the formulas ...
Example 1 First consider the case where there are no given
... particle numbers N α . In principle, we should obtain the equilibrium state at fixed S, Xγ , N α by minimising the energy with respect to other variables with these natural variables held fixed. However, no practical instrument exists for the measurement and control of entropy experimentally! Instead ...
... particle numbers N α . In principle, we should obtain the equilibrium state at fixed S, Xγ , N α by minimising the energy with respect to other variables with these natural variables held fixed. However, no practical instrument exists for the measurement and control of entropy experimentally! Instead ...
Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences I (Ch 416 )
... not 100%; Criteria for spontaneous process ...
... not 100%; Criteria for spontaneous process ...
ENTROPY
... The above-mentioned concept of entropy as the averaged uncertainty of a distribution, was stated in 1948 by the mathematician C. Shannon working at Bell Labs on Information Theory, trying to measure uncertainty, but the name entropy was coined in 1865 by the thermodynamicist R. Clausius for the int ...
... The above-mentioned concept of entropy as the averaged uncertainty of a distribution, was stated in 1948 by the mathematician C. Shannon working at Bell Labs on Information Theory, trying to measure uncertainty, but the name entropy was coined in 1865 by the thermodynamicist R. Clausius for the int ...
Lecture_1_ Heat and - Arizona State University
... Notable exceptions to this are Work and Heat – It doesn’t make any sense to say that some object has a certain amount of work or heat. These quantities can’t always easily be distinguished! ...
... Notable exceptions to this are Work and Heat – It doesn’t make any sense to say that some object has a certain amount of work or heat. These quantities can’t always easily be distinguished! ...