Potential for Life on the Terrestrial Planets
... similar to that of the Earth, due to Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)-induced ion pick up within close-in habitable zones of active M-type dwarf stars is investigated. Since Mstars are active at the X-ray and EUV radiation wavelengths over long time periods we have applied a thermal balance model at vari ...
... similar to that of the Earth, due to Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)-induced ion pick up within close-in habitable zones of active M-type dwarf stars is investigated. Since Mstars are active at the X-ray and EUV radiation wavelengths over long time periods we have applied a thermal balance model at vari ...
Meta4-14PTTectonics
... history. More importantly, however, is the realization that a sequence of associated rocks of increasing metamorphic grade does not define an instantaneous geothermal gradient or the actual thermal structure of the crust at any time during metamorphism, but rather the locus of peak metamorphic tempe ...
... history. More importantly, however, is the realization that a sequence of associated rocks of increasing metamorphic grade does not define an instantaneous geothermal gradient or the actual thermal structure of the crust at any time during metamorphism, but rather the locus of peak metamorphic tempe ...
On the electron temperature downstream of the solar wind
... terms, e.g. for pitch-angle scattering, can be additionally considered as counteracting the magnetic moment conservation. Nevertheless the full transport equation requires the operation of a Liouville operator describing the tendency to conserve particle invariants in the case of absence or weakness ...
... terms, e.g. for pitch-angle scattering, can be additionally considered as counteracting the magnetic moment conservation. Nevertheless the full transport equation requires the operation of a Liouville operator describing the tendency to conserve particle invariants in the case of absence or weakness ...
Magnetism and the su..
... of magnetized plasma from the Sun's corona, or outer atmosphere (Wagner 267). CMEs are so large that they can occupy as much as a quarter of the solar limb. Despite their size, CMEs were not discovered until the 1970s, in part because the Earth's atmosphere prevented instruments from detecting their ...
... of magnetized plasma from the Sun's corona, or outer atmosphere (Wagner 267). CMEs are so large that they can occupy as much as a quarter of the solar limb. Despite their size, CMEs were not discovered until the 1970s, in part because the Earth's atmosphere prevented instruments from detecting their ...
Van Allen radiation belt
A radiation belt is a layer of energetic charged particles that is held in place around a magnetized planet, such as the Earth, by the planet's magnetic field. The Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created. The discovery of the belts is credited to James Van Allen and as a result the Earth's belts bear his name. The main belts extend from an altitude of about 1,000 to 60,000 kilometers above the surface in which region radiation levels vary. Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays. The belts are located in the inner region of the Earth's magnetosphere. The belts contain energetic electrons that form the outer belt and a combination of protons and electrons that form the inner belt. The radiation belts additionally contain less amounts of other nuclei, such as alpha particles. The belts endanger satellites, which must protect their sensitive components with adequate shielding if their orbit spends significant time in the radiation belts. In 2013, NASA reported that the Van Allen Probes had discovered a transient, third radiation belt, which was observed for four weeks until destroyed by a powerful, interplanetary shock wave from the Sun.