Trans-Neptunian objects as natural probes to the unknown solar
... planetesimal disk that did not accrete to form large planets because of insufficient surface density and/or too long timescales (Edgeworth 1949; Kuiper 1951)2. Edgeworth even speculated that TNOs would enter the inner solar system from time to time to be observed as comets. During that period, there ...
... planetesimal disk that did not accrete to form large planets because of insufficient surface density and/or too long timescales (Edgeworth 1949; Kuiper 1951)2. Edgeworth even speculated that TNOs would enter the inner solar system from time to time to be observed as comets. During that period, there ...
Thermal history of the Earth and its petrological expression
... mantle plumes, and that they can constrain the thermal history of the Earth. These petrological results are very similar to those predicted by thermal models characterized by a low Urey ratio and more sluggish mantle convection in the past. We infer that the mantle was warming in deep Archean–Hadean ...
... mantle plumes, and that they can constrain the thermal history of the Earth. These petrological results are very similar to those predicted by thermal models characterized by a low Urey ratio and more sluggish mantle convection in the past. We infer that the mantle was warming in deep Archean–Hadean ...
Photospheric processes and magnetic flux tubes
... Left: A flux tube with non-uniform base pressure and magnetic field strength. p0 (r) increases parabolically from its value at the axis to three times that value at the surface. Right: The electric current shows a volume component in the interior and a sheet current at the surface of the flux tube. ...
... Left: A flux tube with non-uniform base pressure and magnetic field strength. p0 (r) increases parabolically from its value at the axis to three times that value at the surface. Right: The electric current shows a volume component in the interior and a sheet current at the surface of the flux tube. ...
Microscopic vortex velocity in the inner crust and outer core of
... The physical state of the inner crust with its neutron rich nuclei and dripped neutron superfluid interspersed with them is well established since the pioneering work of Negele & Vautherin (1973). The superfluid density inside a nucleus is found to be somewhat larger than the outside dripped superfl ...
... The physical state of the inner crust with its neutron rich nuclei and dripped neutron superfluid interspersed with them is well established since the pioneering work of Negele & Vautherin (1973). The superfluid density inside a nucleus is found to be somewhat larger than the outside dripped superfl ...
Miguel Pereira Santaella
... IR Pumping. HF has a vibrational absorption band at 2.5 μm To be efficient radiation field T > 730 K ...
... IR Pumping. HF has a vibrational absorption band at 2.5 μm To be efficient radiation field T > 730 K ...
Van Allen radiation belt
A radiation belt is a layer of energetic charged particles that is held in place around a magnetized planet, such as the Earth, by the planet's magnetic field. The Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created. The discovery of the belts is credited to James Van Allen and as a result the Earth's belts bear his name. The main belts extend from an altitude of about 1,000 to 60,000 kilometers above the surface in which region radiation levels vary. Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays. The belts are located in the inner region of the Earth's magnetosphere. The belts contain energetic electrons that form the outer belt and a combination of protons and electrons that form the inner belt. The radiation belts additionally contain less amounts of other nuclei, such as alpha particles. The belts endanger satellites, which must protect their sensitive components with adequate shielding if their orbit spends significant time in the radiation belts. In 2013, NASA reported that the Van Allen Probes had discovered a transient, third radiation belt, which was observed for four weeks until destroyed by a powerful, interplanetary shock wave from the Sun.