IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.
... important applications as memory switching [1-4] and in nonlinear optical communications [5], non-volatile memory devices [6,7], and many others [8,9]. Lithium tantalate with a low poling field appears to be a promising candidate as a key photonic material for a variety of devices: such as optical p ...
... important applications as memory switching [1-4] and in nonlinear optical communications [5], non-volatile memory devices [6,7], and many others [8,9]. Lithium tantalate with a low poling field appears to be a promising candidate as a key photonic material for a variety of devices: such as optical p ...
Characterization of the phase transition in coper-gold alloys by X
... In the framework of thermodynamic the transition of one phase in another phase is called phase transition and can be described by the theorem of Ehrenfest. Well-known are phase transitions between liquid-solid phase or liquid-gas. In the given coper-gold alloy (relation 75 : 25 atom percent) is a so ...
... In the framework of thermodynamic the transition of one phase in another phase is called phase transition and can be described by the theorem of Ehrenfest. Well-known are phase transitions between liquid-solid phase or liquid-gas. In the given coper-gold alloy (relation 75 : 25 atom percent) is a so ...
Chap 8 Learn Obj
... 7. Name and briefly describe the two crack propagation paths for polycrystalline brittle materials. ...
... 7. Name and briefly describe the two crack propagation paths for polycrystalline brittle materials. ...
`Bound` states of an electron in the far
... The motion of an electron in the field of a point charge is undoubtedly the most celebrated problem in atomic physics (the hydrogen atom), but the motion of an electron in the field of an electric dipole does not seem to have been studied at all. There is indeed good reason for this: no nucleus has ...
... The motion of an electron in the field of a point charge is undoubtedly the most celebrated problem in atomic physics (the hydrogen atom), but the motion of an electron in the field of an electric dipole does not seem to have been studied at all. There is indeed good reason for this: no nucleus has ...
AP Atomics Class Packet Unit 2 - Ms. Drury`s Flipped Chemistry
... o 1.B.1 The atom is composed of negatively charged electrons, which can leave the atom, and a positively charged nucleus that is made of protons and neutrons. The attraction of the electrons to the nucleus is the basis of the structure of the atom. o 1.C.1 Many properties of atoms exhibit periodic t ...
... o 1.B.1 The atom is composed of negatively charged electrons, which can leave the atom, and a positively charged nucleus that is made of protons and neutrons. The attraction of the electrons to the nucleus is the basis of the structure of the atom. o 1.C.1 Many properties of atoms exhibit periodic t ...
Quantum State Preparation via Asymptotic Completeness
... a product of single-atom states). Mathematics predicts [6], in the limit N ! ` of infinitely many atoms, that any field state jx can be created by choosing an appropriate initial atomic state jc0 , irrespectively of the initial state of the field. We will show that, given a finite number N of atom ...
... a product of single-atom states). Mathematics predicts [6], in the limit N ! ` of infinitely many atoms, that any field state jx can be created by choosing an appropriate initial atomic state jc0 , irrespectively of the initial state of the field. We will show that, given a finite number N of atom ...
Far-infrared Rydberg-Rydberg transitions in a magnetic field: Deexcitation of antihydrogen atoms
... decay becomes efficient enough to deexcite the atom to the ground state 共Þ c兲 关19兴. During laser deexcitation electrons can be lost via the competitive ionization channel 共Þ d兲. Alternatively in path 2 the atoms are first deexcited to a Rydberg state below the n-mixing regime by collisional deexcita ...
... decay becomes efficient enough to deexcite the atom to the ground state 共Þ c兲 关19兴. During laser deexcitation electrons can be lost via the competitive ionization channel 共Þ d兲. Alternatively in path 2 the atoms are first deexcited to a Rydberg state below the n-mixing regime by collisional deexcita ...
Spin-Orbital Liquid on a Triangular Lattice
... for the N9 cluster. Consider rst a quantum phase transition from the low-spin (St = 1/2) disordered phase to the high-spin (St = 9/2) ferromagnetic (FM) phase which occurs for su ciently large η . When spin and orbital operators are disentangled in Eq. (6), i.e., C ≡ 0 [6], it coincides with the si ...
... for the N9 cluster. Consider rst a quantum phase transition from the low-spin (St = 1/2) disordered phase to the high-spin (St = 9/2) ferromagnetic (FM) phase which occurs for su ciently large η . When spin and orbital operators are disentangled in Eq. (6), i.e., C ≡ 0 [6], it coincides with the si ...
The Earth`s Magnetic Field
... Before the theory of a non-trivial dynamo in Earth’s interior, there were suggestions that the Earth’s magnetic field was produced by a strong permanent magnet located in its center. However, ferromagnetic material, like iron in the Earth’s core, cannot be magnetized above their Curie temperature, t ...
... Before the theory of a non-trivial dynamo in Earth’s interior, there were suggestions that the Earth’s magnetic field was produced by a strong permanent magnet located in its center. However, ferromagnetic material, like iron in the Earth’s core, cannot be magnetized above their Curie temperature, t ...
Optically polarized atoms_ch_7_Atomic_Transitions
... • while nuclear size R is on the order of a few fermi (1 fermi = 1 fm = 10-13 cm) • Ratio between system size and wavelength similar to that for atoms • However, high-multipolarity transitions are often important; this is when low-multipolarity transitions are suppressed by selection rules – High-an ...
... • while nuclear size R is on the order of a few fermi (1 fermi = 1 fm = 10-13 cm) • Ratio between system size and wavelength similar to that for atoms • However, high-multipolarity transitions are often important; this is when low-multipolarity transitions are suppressed by selection rules – High-an ...
1 Equations of Steady Electric and Magnetic Fields in - Wiley-VCH
... The charge and current densities in the right-hand sides of these equations consist of two parts associated with the particles of matter and external sources; they are labeled by subscripts “int” and “ext” respectively. We will assume that the external sources are given. Particles of the matter are ...
... The charge and current densities in the right-hand sides of these equations consist of two parts associated with the particles of matter and external sources; they are labeled by subscripts “int” and “ext” respectively. We will assume that the external sources are given. Particles of the matter are ...
Adsorption energy and spin state of first
... is due to the metal-substrate covalent bonding that also implies a polarization of the metal orbitals 共a redistribution of the atomic orbital population兲. In all cases, the metal s orbital combines with the oxygen p orbital perpendicular to the surface resulting in a bonding 共occupied兲 and an antibo ...
... is due to the metal-substrate covalent bonding that also implies a polarization of the metal orbitals 共a redistribution of the atomic orbital population兲. In all cases, the metal s orbital combines with the oxygen p orbital perpendicular to the surface resulting in a bonding 共occupied兲 and an antibo ...
16.12.2013 1 Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure
... • Binding Energy - energy holding an electron to a metal. • Threshold frequency, o - minimum frequency of light needed to emit an electron. • For frequencies below the threshold frequency, no electrons are emitted. • For frequencies above the threshold frequency, extra energy is imparted to the ele ...
... • Binding Energy - energy holding an electron to a metal. • Threshold frequency, o - minimum frequency of light needed to emit an electron. • For frequencies below the threshold frequency, no electrons are emitted. • For frequencies above the threshold frequency, extra energy is imparted to the ele ...
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
... Consider the three 2p orbitals. These three orbitals have the same energy (same n + l value). The three 2p orbitals are DEGENERATE, that is, they have the same energy in the absence of a magnetic field. The same thing is true with the 3p orbitals, as well as the 4p, 5p, etc. The five 3d orbitals are ...
... Consider the three 2p orbitals. These three orbitals have the same energy (same n + l value). The three 2p orbitals are DEGENERATE, that is, they have the same energy in the absence of a magnetic field. The same thing is true with the 3p orbitals, as well as the 4p, 5p, etc. The five 3d orbitals are ...
Magneto-Fluid Dynamic Control of Seam Quality in CO Laser Beam
... • The flow speed profile is modified; • Turbulent flows are laminarized. What is striking about such effects and their impacts on flow is they can be turned on and off and even controlled by an external magnetic field without any contact. MFM have been used in arc welding for a long time. In arc wel ...
... • The flow speed profile is modified; • Turbulent flows are laminarized. What is striking about such effects and their impacts on flow is they can be turned on and off and even controlled by an external magnetic field without any contact. MFM have been used in arc welding for a long time. In arc wel ...
chapter 8 ceramic/metal nanocomposites
... Ex situ process- reinforcing phases are prepared separately prior to composite fabrication Scale of the reinforcing phase limited to starting ...
... Ex situ process- reinforcing phases are prepared separately prior to composite fabrication Scale of the reinforcing phase limited to starting ...
Ferromagnetism
Not to be confused with Ferrimagnetism; for an overview see Magnetism.Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In physics, several different types of magnetism are distinguished. Ferromagnetism (including ferrimagnetism) is the strongest type: it is the only one that typically creates forces strong enough to be felt, and is responsible for the common phenomena of magnetism in magnets encountered in everyday life. Substances respond weakly to magnetic fields with three other types of magnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, but the forces are usually so weak that they can only be detected by sensitive instruments in a laboratory. An everyday example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The attraction between a magnet and ferromagnetic material is ""the quality of magnetism first apparent to the ancient world, and to us today"".Permanent magnets (materials that can be magnetized by an external magnetic field and remain magnetized after the external field is removed) are either ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, as are other materials that are noticeably attracted to them. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic. The common ones are iron, nickel, cobalt and most of their alloys, some compounds of rare earth metals, and a few naturally-occurring minerals such as lodestone.Ferromagnetism is very important in industry and modern technology, and is the basis for many electrical and electromechanical devices such as electromagnets, electric motors, generators, transformers, and magnetic storage such as tape recorders, and hard disks.