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Finite Two-Dimensional Systems of Electrons at Zero and Finite
Finite Two-Dimensional Systems of Electrons at Zero and Finite

... We analyze two-dimensional quantum systems of electrons on the basis of the classical-map hypernetted-chain (CHNC) method which maps electron systems onto classical systems of charges. This method has been proposed originally for the analyses through the hypernetted chain (HNC) and related integral ...
Magnetic Excitations of Stripes near a Quantum Critical Point
Magnetic Excitations of Stripes near a Quantum Critical Point

... couplings are positive Jr;r0 # Ja > 0 within each antiferromagnetic patch. Couplings across domain walls depend on whether stripes are site- or bond-centered, as explained below. We work in units where @ # 1. ‘‘Site-centered’’ stripes have domain walls which are centered on the sites of the square l ...
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... materials listed above behave at planetary pressures. One approach is experiment. This is extremely important, and we will talk about some experimental constraints in due course. The experimental techniques are of two kinds: shock waves and static compression. Shock waves generate very high pressure ...
Breakdown of the integer and fractional quantum
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... PZF. All eight lasers used for the generation of RSOC and PZF are uniform plane waves; therefore, they do not lead to spatial periodic modulation of the atomic density. In addition, these lasers propagate only along three different directions (the same as other tripod schemes [6,10,11,13]); therefor ...
The contents of this module were developed under grant award
The contents of this module were developed under grant award

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QuantumDynamics_QuickView

... when place in an electric field so this form postulated is reasonable for an extended charge distribution with a net dipole moment in an external electric field. It’s too hard. Quantum mechanics is difficult, and even a slight complication can lead to a problem that is impossible even to think abou ...
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Quantum graphs and the integer quantum Hall effect

... Quantum graphs have been the focus of much interest during the last thirty years [1–3]. These models which describe the propagation of a quantum wave within an arbitrary complex object are extremely versatile allowing the study of various interesting quantum phenomena. Quantum graphs appear in vario ...
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Phase-Coherent Transport through a Mesoscopic System: A New Probe V 80, N
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Coupling and Dissociation in Artificial Molecules
Coupling and Dissociation in Artificial Molecules

... We utilize a self-consistent-field theory which can go beyond the MO approximation, namely the spin-and-space unrestricted Hartree-Fock (sS-UHF), which was introduced by us [7,8] for the description of the many-body problem of both single [7,8] and molecular [7] QD’s. This sSUHF employs N (where N i ...
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... Dopants that have one less electron than Si are called ________ because they accept an electron to fill a hole in the crystal These acceptor-doped crystals are known as: p-type because it has freely moving holes which act like positive charges. In a p-type material, the positive charges are the so ...
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... Insulators are materials that have no free electrons in their atomic structure which are free to move under any applied field intensity. In ceramic dielectrics, the electrons are tied up in ionic and covalent bonding of the atoms, and by definition these materials should possess almost infinite elec ...
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... system to another. However, the energy conservation law (the first law of thermodynamics) tells us nothing about the directionality of processes and cannot explain why so many macroscopic processes are irreversible. Indeed, according to the 1st law, all processes that conserve energy are legitimate, ...
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Optically polarized atoms_Atomic_Transitions

... • while nuclear size R is on the order of a few fermi (1 fermi = 1 fm = 10-13 cm) • Ratio between system size and wavelength similar to that for atoms • However, high-multipolarity transitions are often important; this is when low-multipolarity transitions are suppressed by selection rules – High-an ...
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...  If there are only a few valence electrons (outermost shell electrons) within an atom, these may be removed relatively easily while the balance of the electrons are held firmly to the nucleus.  Removal of the valence electrons forms a structure of free electrons and an ion core consisting of the n ...
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Interface-induced lateral anisotropy of semiconductor

... tunnel diode. The conduction-band minima at the  and X points of the Brillouin zone are shown by the full and dashed lines, respectively. The X point potential forms a quantum well within the AlAs barrier, with the -X transfer process then taking place between the -symmetry 2D emitter states and ...
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Ultra cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensation for quantum

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Ferromagnetism



Not to be confused with Ferrimagnetism; for an overview see Magnetism.Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In physics, several different types of magnetism are distinguished. Ferromagnetism (including ferrimagnetism) is the strongest type: it is the only one that typically creates forces strong enough to be felt, and is responsible for the common phenomena of magnetism in magnets encountered in everyday life. Substances respond weakly to magnetic fields with three other types of magnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, but the forces are usually so weak that they can only be detected by sensitive instruments in a laboratory. An everyday example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The attraction between a magnet and ferromagnetic material is ""the quality of magnetism first apparent to the ancient world, and to us today"".Permanent magnets (materials that can be magnetized by an external magnetic field and remain magnetized after the external field is removed) are either ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, as are other materials that are noticeably attracted to them. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic. The common ones are iron, nickel, cobalt and most of their alloys, some compounds of rare earth metals, and a few naturally-occurring minerals such as lodestone.Ferromagnetism is very important in industry and modern technology, and is the basis for many electrical and electromechanical devices such as electromagnets, electric motors, generators, transformers, and magnetic storage such as tape recorders, and hard disks.
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