Paradigm Shifts In Neural Induction - Works
... cells was not being induced. Rather, the epidermal fate was induced and the neural state was the default, uninduced, fate of ectodermal tissues. Second, primary embryonic induction was not something unique to vertebrates. Rather, the ventral neural cord of insects formed using the same mechanisms as ...
... cells was not being induced. Rather, the epidermal fate was induced and the neural state was the default, uninduced, fate of ectodermal tissues. Second, primary embryonic induction was not something unique to vertebrates. Rather, the ventral neural cord of insects formed using the same mechanisms as ...
Neural differentiation from embryonic stem cells in vitro: An overview
... compelling results were done either by stimulating the cells with particular molecules or by simulating the environmental cues of the early embryo. Importantly, these differentiated cells can then be used in regenerative medicine and for drug discovery. Hence, it is important to elucidate the detail ...
... compelling results were done either by stimulating the cells with particular molecules or by simulating the environmental cues of the early embryo. Importantly, these differentiated cells can then be used in regenerative medicine and for drug discovery. Hence, it is important to elucidate the detail ...
- UCL Discovery
... graft of a special region of the embryo, known as Spemann’s organizer1–3 (Hensen’s node in amniotes4–9) can trigger the entire process of neural induction in all vertebrate classes, generating a fully patterned central nervous system. For a long time it was thought that a single signal, emitted from ...
... graft of a special region of the embryo, known as Spemann’s organizer1–3 (Hensen’s node in amniotes4–9) can trigger the entire process of neural induction in all vertebrate classes, generating a fully patterned central nervous system. For a long time it was thought that a single signal, emitted from ...
How and Why Does a Fly Turn Its Immune System Off?
... suggests that there might be communication between cells leading to immune inhibition. The JNK pathway can be activated by Eiger, the sole tumor necrosis factor (TNF) homolog in the fly [13–15]. In vertebrates, many TNFs are soluble, secreted factors that are important regulators of immunity. Eiger i ...
... suggests that there might be communication between cells leading to immune inhibition. The JNK pathway can be activated by Eiger, the sole tumor necrosis factor (TNF) homolog in the fly [13–15]. In vertebrates, many TNFs are soluble, secreted factors that are important regulators of immunity. Eiger i ...
BMP and Delta/Notch signaling control the development of
... (PNS) is not always well defined. In addition to the CNS, both protostomes and chordates have a PNS with ectodermal sensory neurons. In the fruit fly Drosophila, inhibition of Dpp/BMP signaling by its antagonist Sog (also known as Chordin) during early embryogenesis induces the formation of a ventra ...
... (PNS) is not always well defined. In addition to the CNS, both protostomes and chordates have a PNS with ectodermal sensory neurons. In the fruit fly Drosophila, inhibition of Dpp/BMP signaling by its antagonist Sog (also known as Chordin) during early embryogenesis induces the formation of a ventra ...
Control of notochord gene expression by Brachyury
... -In Ciona, Brachyury controls its direct transcriptional targets through two mechanisms: small clusters of cooperative binding sites or individual binding sites -cooperative and individual binding sites control earlyonset and middle-onset targets, respectively ...
... -In Ciona, Brachyury controls its direct transcriptional targets through two mechanisms: small clusters of cooperative binding sites or individual binding sites -cooperative and individual binding sites control earlyonset and middle-onset targets, respectively ...
www.drmichaellevin.org
... Recent experiments have suggested a pathway of genes that regulate left-right asymmetry in vertebrate embryogenesis. The most downstream member of this cascade is nodal (XNR-1 in frogs), which is expressed in the left-side lateral mesoderm. Previous work in the chick [Levin, 1998] suggests that an i ...
... Recent experiments have suggested a pathway of genes that regulate left-right asymmetry in vertebrate embryogenesis. The most downstream member of this cascade is nodal (XNR-1 in frogs), which is expressed in the left-side lateral mesoderm. Previous work in the chick [Levin, 1998] suggests that an i ...
Continuity And Change: Paradigm Shifts In Neural Induction
... would take the tools of a sophisticated brand of molecular biology to find the inducer molecules and to delineate what these factors were doing. However, once the techniques of gene cloning and in situ hybridization opened the floodgates, we have been deluged with information about how these process ...
... would take the tools of a sophisticated brand of molecular biology to find the inducer molecules and to delineate what these factors were doing. However, once the techniques of gene cloning and in situ hybridization opened the floodgates, we have been deluged with information about how these process ...
The dorsal neural tube organizes the dermamyotome
... formed somites. This absence of regional specification at early stages is revealed in experiments in which 180° rotation of the paraxial mesoderm or early somites has no effect on the subsequent dorsal-ventral patterning (Aoyama and Asamoto, 1988). Similarly, when the dorsal half of an early somite ...
... formed somites. This absence of regional specification at early stages is revealed in experiments in which 180° rotation of the paraxial mesoderm or early somites has no effect on the subsequent dorsal-ventral patterning (Aoyama and Asamoto, 1988). Similarly, when the dorsal half of an early somite ...
The L5 epitope: an early marker for neural induction in the chick
... The pattern of expression of the carbohydrate epitope L5 was studied during early development of the chick neuroepithelium. Immunoreactivity first appears during gastrulation, at mid-primitive streak stage, and persists until at least 3.5 days of development. The epitope is expressed on all the comp ...
... The pattern of expression of the carbohydrate epitope L5 was studied during early development of the chick neuroepithelium. Immunoreactivity first appears during gastrulation, at mid-primitive streak stage, and persists until at least 3.5 days of development. The epitope is expressed on all the comp ...
A dsRNA Based Screen Identifies Novel Proteins Involved in
... developmental processes. One well studied role of Hh is in the patterning of the vertebrate limb, where a concentration gradient of Hh is responsible for the determination of digit identity (Saunders, 1968). Hh is also involved in induction of the neural tube, and ultimately is responsible for the d ...
... developmental processes. One well studied role of Hh is in the patterning of the vertebrate limb, where a concentration gradient of Hh is responsible for the determination of digit identity (Saunders, 1968). Hh is also involved in induction of the neural tube, and ultimately is responsible for the d ...
Non Conservation of Function for the
... Sciammas and Davis 2004), by direct repression of targets, such as c-Myc (Lin et al. 1997), and by indirect activation of ...
... Sciammas and Davis 2004), by direct repression of targets, such as c-Myc (Lin et al. 1997), and by indirect activation of ...
Neural crest cells and patterning of the mammalian dentition
... distinctive crown and root morphology, highly adapted to its particular masticatory function. In the embryo, generation of individual teeth within the jaws relies upon interactions between ectoderm of the first branchial arch and the neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells that migrate into this ...
... distinctive crown and root morphology, highly adapted to its particular masticatory function. In the embryo, generation of individual teeth within the jaws relies upon interactions between ectoderm of the first branchial arch and the neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells that migrate into this ...
How to make spinal motor neurons - Development
... of a neural plate and subsequent generation of neural folds, which in turn fuse to give rise to the neural tube. The neural tube is then patterned along the rostro-caudal axis (anterior-posterior) by a gradient of retinoic acid (RA) generated primarily by the action of Raldh2. In particular, a high ...
... of a neural plate and subsequent generation of neural folds, which in turn fuse to give rise to the neural tube. The neural tube is then patterned along the rostro-caudal axis (anterior-posterior) by a gradient of retinoic acid (RA) generated primarily by the action of Raldh2. In particular, a high ...
Reviews
... and 7, preventing them from interacting with their receptor(s)19–21. In addition, transcription of BMP RNA is maintained by the activity of BMP protein22, which explains the disappearance of BMP4 and 7 expression from the vicinity of the organizer (which secretes BMP inhibitors) at the gastrula stag ...
... and 7, preventing them from interacting with their receptor(s)19–21. In addition, transcription of BMP RNA is maintained by the activity of BMP protein22, which explains the disappearance of BMP4 and 7 expression from the vicinity of the organizer (which secretes BMP inhibitors) at the gastrula stag ...
Ccbe1 regulates Vegfc-mediated induction of Vegfr3
... Ccbe1 regulates Vegfc-mediated induction of Vegfr3 signaling during embryonic lymphangiogenesis ...
... Ccbe1 regulates Vegfc-mediated induction of Vegfr3 signaling during embryonic lymphangiogenesis ...
- University of East Anglia
... the embryo at low levels with high levels in the primitive streak (Fig. 2K), sections showed that transcripts were expressed in mesoderm overlapping with Lef-1 (Fig. 2K⬘). Lef-1 transcripts were detected at high levels in Hensen’s node, primitive streak, and mesoderm emerging from the streak (Fig. 2 ...
... the embryo at low levels with high levels in the primitive streak (Fig. 2K), sections showed that transcripts were expressed in mesoderm overlapping with Lef-1 (Fig. 2K⬘). Lef-1 transcripts were detected at high levels in Hensen’s node, primitive streak, and mesoderm emerging from the streak (Fig. 2 ...
Default neural induction: neuralization of dissociated Xenopus cells
... of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA ...
... of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA ...
Control of cell pattern in the neural tube: regulation of cell
... To examine the expression of &l-l during neural development, we localized its messenger RNA (mRNA) in developing chick embryos by in situ hybridization. dsl-1 mRNA was not expressed by cells in the neural plate (Figures 4A and 48) and first appeared at the time of closure of the neural tube. At this ...
... To examine the expression of &l-l during neural development, we localized its messenger RNA (mRNA) in developing chick embryos by in situ hybridization. dsl-1 mRNA was not expressed by cells in the neural plate (Figures 4A and 48) and first appeared at the time of closure of the neural tube. At this ...
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... exemplifies the early switch to a molecular-level understanding of the segmental body plan of vertebrates. As a sequel to the experimental approach that elucidated the developmental mechanisms of mesodermal segmentation and its related structures, such as neural crest derivatives, these authors appl ...
... exemplifies the early switch to a molecular-level understanding of the segmental body plan of vertebrates. As a sequel to the experimental approach that elucidated the developmental mechanisms of mesodermal segmentation and its related structures, such as neural crest derivatives, these authors appl ...
Growing models of vertebrate limb development - ICB-USP
... radius/ulna and digits together with a variable number of wrist elements (not shown). In the chick wing, there are only three digits across the AP axis, rather than five digits, as in the mouse forelimb (Fig. 2A). The first visible signs of limb development are small bulges, called limb buds, which ...
... radius/ulna and digits together with a variable number of wrist elements (not shown). In the chick wing, there are only three digits across the AP axis, rather than five digits, as in the mouse forelimb (Fig. 2A). The first visible signs of limb development are small bulges, called limb buds, which ...
Development of neural tube basal lamina during neurulation and
... posterior neuropore to the cervical region. From this spectrum, we have chosen six levels to illustrate the development of BL (Fig. 1A). At the most posterior levels, the future NC cells are found within the ridges of the elevating neural folds (neural fold stages, Fig. 2A-C); a short distance anter ...
... posterior neuropore to the cervical region. From this spectrum, we have chosen six levels to illustrate the development of BL (Fig. 1A). At the most posterior levels, the future NC cells are found within the ridges of the elevating neural folds (neural fold stages, Fig. 2A-C); a short distance anter ...
INTRODUCTION the dorsal spinal cord (Muroyama et al., 2002) and for... Wnts are signaling molecules regulating different developmental
... Myf5 locus, presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and newly formed somite (I-V) explants were isolated from targeted Myf5nlacZ/+ mouse embryos, allowing the visualization of Myf5 expression by staining for -galactosidase activity (Tajbakhsh et al., 1996). Co-culture of PSM or newly formed somites with neural t ...
... Myf5 locus, presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and newly formed somite (I-V) explants were isolated from targeted Myf5nlacZ/+ mouse embryos, allowing the visualization of Myf5 expression by staining for -galactosidase activity (Tajbakhsh et al., 1996). Co-culture of PSM or newly formed somites with neural t ...
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... posterior neuropore to the cervical region. From this spectrum, we have chosen six levels to illustrate the development of BL (Fig. 1A). At the most posterior levels, the future NC cells are found within the ridges of the elevating neural folds (neural fold stages, Fig. 2A-C); a short distance anter ...
... posterior neuropore to the cervical region. From this spectrum, we have chosen six levels to illustrate the development of BL (Fig. 1A). At the most posterior levels, the future NC cells are found within the ridges of the elevating neural folds (neural fold stages, Fig. 2A-C); a short distance anter ...
Nature - Andreas Jenny`s Laboratory
... less severe, neurulation phenotype to that of MZtri mutants (Fig. 1i). Reduction of Wnt4 activity in an MZslb;MZppt background (through injection of wnt4 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides17) enhanced the mutant phenotype, and at the 20-somite stage MZslb;MZppt;wnt4-morphant embryos displayed a n ...
... less severe, neurulation phenotype to that of MZtri mutants (Fig. 1i). Reduction of Wnt4 activity in an MZslb;MZppt background (through injection of wnt4 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides17) enhanced the mutant phenotype, and at the 20-somite stage MZslb;MZppt;wnt4-morphant embryos displayed a n ...
Sonic hedgehog
Sonic hedgehog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHH (""sonic hedgehog"") gene. Both the gene and the protein may also be found notated alternatively as ""Shh"".Sonic hedgehog is one of three proteins in the mammalian signaling pathway family called hedgehog, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH) and Indian hedgehog (IHH). SHH is the best studied ligand of the hedgehog signaling pathway. It plays a key role in regulating vertebrate organogenesis, such as in the growth of digits on limbs and organization of the brain. Sonic hedgehog is the best established example of a morphogen as defined by Lewis Wolpert's French flag model—a molecule that diffuses to form a concentration gradient and has different effects on the cells of the developing embryo depending on its concentration. SHH remains important in the adult. It controls cell division of adult stem cells and has been implicated in the development of some cancers.