Classification of Enteric Progenitors in Zebrafish During Development
... • Intrinsic innervation of the intestinal tract • Modulates gut function • Functions autonomously from Central nervous system • Composed of different subtypes of neurons and glial cells ...
... • Intrinsic innervation of the intestinal tract • Modulates gut function • Functions autonomously from Central nervous system • Composed of different subtypes of neurons and glial cells ...
... the recruitment of host immune defenses to the site of infection and the development of acute inflammation. If the course of events is favorable to the host, the bacteria are eliminated, and healing begins. However, when acute inflammation fails to fight the infection, a chronic inflammatory respons ...
Leukotriene B4 Triggers the In Vitro and In Vivo
... and well characterized lipid is leukotriene (LT) B4, a tetraunsaturated 20-carbon chain fatty acid derived from the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid through the successive actions of the 5-lipoxygenase and the leukotriene A4-hydrolase enzymes (for review see Ref. 22). LTB4 activates, through ...
... and well characterized lipid is leukotriene (LT) B4, a tetraunsaturated 20-carbon chain fatty acid derived from the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid through the successive actions of the 5-lipoxygenase and the leukotriene A4-hydrolase enzymes (for review see Ref. 22). LTB4 activates, through ...
Donohoe, B.S., B. - University of Colorado-MCDB
... the stacks (6,7). In addition, in plants the biosynthesis of complex polysaccharides has been shown to occur exclusively in Golgi cisternae (8). Upon completion of these biosynthetic reactions, the mature products are sorted and packaged into different vesicles in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) from ...
... the stacks (6,7). In addition, in plants the biosynthesis of complex polysaccharides has been shown to occur exclusively in Golgi cisternae (8). Upon completion of these biosynthetic reactions, the mature products are sorted and packaged into different vesicles in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) from ...
PATELLIN1/2 interact with CVL1 and CVP2 to regulate vascular
... Vascular tissue undergoes several developmental stages before becoming mature vascular tissue in these predictable patterns. From a field of initially identical ground meristem cells, all cells develop into either premesophyll or preprocambial tissues (Nelson and Dengler, 1997). Although these cell ...
... Vascular tissue undergoes several developmental stages before becoming mature vascular tissue in these predictable patterns. From a field of initially identical ground meristem cells, all cells develop into either premesophyll or preprocambial tissues (Nelson and Dengler, 1997). Although these cell ...
Retention in the Golgi apparatus and expression on the cell surface
... Figure 3 Protein and mRNA expression of the C-terminally modified mutants in Ba/F3 cells (A) Western and Northern blot analyses of protein and mRNA expression of the C-terminal mutants in Ba/F3 cells. The total amount of protein and RNA loaded was monitored by blotting with an anti-actin antibody an ...
... Figure 3 Protein and mRNA expression of the C-terminally modified mutants in Ba/F3 cells (A) Western and Northern blot analyses of protein and mRNA expression of the C-terminal mutants in Ba/F3 cells. The total amount of protein and RNA loaded was monitored by blotting with an anti-actin antibody an ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... basis of sequence similarity of motor domain, myosins are divided into at least 24 classes [22]. Among them, three classes of myosins, VIII, XI and XIII, are plant specific [73, 113]. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes seventeen myosins, four myosin VIII and thirteen myosin XI classes, while tw ...
... basis of sequence similarity of motor domain, myosins are divided into at least 24 classes [22]. Among them, three classes of myosins, VIII, XI and XIII, are plant specific [73, 113]. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes seventeen myosins, four myosin VIII and thirteen myosin XI classes, while tw ...
... been described on alveolar macrophages, including receptors for macrophage-deactivating cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) [53]. Furthermore, the growth factors CSF-1 and GM-CSF interact with macrophages through specific receptors [54]. Apart from inducing proliferatio ...
Spatial Reorganization of Glycogen Synthase upon Activation in 3T3
... (reviewed in Ref. 1). To investigate whether the insulininduced glycogen synthase redistribution in 3T3-L1 adipocytes required increased glucose utilization, extracellular glucose conditions were varied. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were seeded on coverslips and serum starved for 2.5 h the next day. Cells were ...
... (reviewed in Ref. 1). To investigate whether the insulininduced glycogen synthase redistribution in 3T3-L1 adipocytes required increased glucose utilization, extracellular glucose conditions were varied. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were seeded on coverslips and serum starved for 2.5 h the next day. Cells were ...
VARICOSE, a WD-domain protein, is required for leaf
... defects (Okada et al., 1991; Ruegger et al., 1997). Leaf development is also perturbed by growing wild-type plants in the presence of polar auxin transport inhibitors (Mattsson et al., 1999; Sieburth, 1999). Furthermore, some auxin-resistant mutants, such as axr1 and axr2-1, have disrupted auxin res ...
... defects (Okada et al., 1991; Ruegger et al., 1997). Leaf development is also perturbed by growing wild-type plants in the presence of polar auxin transport inhibitors (Mattsson et al., 1999; Sieburth, 1999). Furthermore, some auxin-resistant mutants, such as axr1 and axr2-1, have disrupted auxin res ...
The anaphase promoting complex/ cyclosome: a
... apparatus during mitosis. Without APC/C, cells cannot separate their sister chromatids in anaphase, they cannot exit from mitosis and divide into two daughter cells, and they cannot initiate the steps that are necessary for DNA replication later in S phase. APC/C seems to have similarly important fu ...
... apparatus during mitosis. Without APC/C, cells cannot separate their sister chromatids in anaphase, they cannot exit from mitosis and divide into two daughter cells, and they cannot initiate the steps that are necessary for DNA replication later in S phase. APC/C seems to have similarly important fu ...
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... three to five independent measurements. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.001. Bl, blastocysts; Mor, morulae; NS, not significant. ...
... three to five independent measurements. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.001. Bl, blastocysts; Mor, morulae; NS, not significant. ...
Maternal mRNAs are regulated by diverse P body
... translation, localization, and stability, processes that are critical to animal development (Alvarez-Garcia and Miska, 2005; de Moor et al., 2005; Kimble and Crittenden, 2007). In many species, mRNPs often accumulate in large cytoplasmic particles, which include processing bodies (P bodies), stress ...
... translation, localization, and stability, processes that are critical to animal development (Alvarez-Garcia and Miska, 2005; de Moor et al., 2005; Kimble and Crittenden, 2007). In many species, mRNPs often accumulate in large cytoplasmic particles, which include processing bodies (P bodies), stress ...
PRH/Hex - Biochemical Journal
... and formation of the primitive vasculature and blood system [9]. After gastrulation, PRH is expressed within the embryo itself: in mesodermal tissues that give rise to haematopoietic and vascular progenitors and the endocardium of the heart, and in endodermal tissues that are involved in the formati ...
... and formation of the primitive vasculature and blood system [9]. After gastrulation, PRH is expressed within the embryo itself: in mesodermal tissues that give rise to haematopoietic and vascular progenitors and the endocardium of the heart, and in endodermal tissues that are involved in the formati ...
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science
... and low concentrations of sulfonamides (1%) do not inactivate it, according to Cabezas and Rubina (16). Feiner, Meyer and Steinberg (17) observed that ferrous sulfate apparently inhibited the sensitivity to lysozyme, and sodium pyrophosphate counteracted this inhibition; sodium arsenate consistently ...
... and low concentrations of sulfonamides (1%) do not inactivate it, according to Cabezas and Rubina (16). Feiner, Meyer and Steinberg (17) observed that ferrous sulfate apparently inhibited the sensitivity to lysozyme, and sodium pyrophosphate counteracted this inhibition; sodium arsenate consistently ...
The RING Domain of Mdm2 Can Inhibit Cell
... biquitin chains that are necessary for recognition by the proteasome (20). One possibility is that mono-ubiquitination of p53 is required to expose a nuclear export signal, and that p53 polyubiquitination and degradation then proceed in the cytoplasm (21–23). Because Mdm2 is a direct transcriptional ...
... biquitin chains that are necessary for recognition by the proteasome (20). One possibility is that mono-ubiquitination of p53 is required to expose a nuclear export signal, and that p53 polyubiquitination and degradation then proceed in the cytoplasm (21–23). Because Mdm2 is a direct transcriptional ...
Arabidopsis VILLIN4 is involved in root hair growth through
... • Villin is one of the major actin filament bundling proteins in plants. The function of Arabidopsis VILLINs (AtVLNs) is still poorly understood in living cells. In this report, the biochemical activity and cellular function of AtVLN4 were examined. • The biochemical property of AtVLN4 was character ...
... • Villin is one of the major actin filament bundling proteins in plants. The function of Arabidopsis VILLINs (AtVLNs) is still poorly understood in living cells. In this report, the biochemical activity and cellular function of AtVLN4 were examined. • The biochemical property of AtVLN4 was character ...
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... before gastrulation (Figures 1F and 1G). These phenotypes are less dramatic but similar to those observed after injection of a dominant-negative mutant of the APC/C-specific E2, UbcH10C114S. By contrast, overexpression or injection of WT ubiquitin does not affect the degradation of APC/C substrates, ...
... before gastrulation (Figures 1F and 1G). These phenotypes are less dramatic but similar to those observed after injection of a dominant-negative mutant of the APC/C-specific E2, UbcH10C114S. By contrast, overexpression or injection of WT ubiquitin does not affect the degradation of APC/C substrates, ...
Spatial and temporal in vivo analysis of circulating
... of its effect on transmission dynamics, the mosquito immune response could be harnessed for the control of mosquito-borne diseases [11-13]. In both the culicine and anopheline mosquito lineages there are several morphologically distinct classes of hemocytes: granulocytes are involved in the phagocyt ...
... of its effect on transmission dynamics, the mosquito immune response could be harnessed for the control of mosquito-borne diseases [11-13]. In both the culicine and anopheline mosquito lineages there are several morphologically distinct classes of hemocytes: granulocytes are involved in the phagocyt ...
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... presented a genetic interaction with unc-5. First, we determined whether unc-5 and eve were able to interact genetically in a transheterozygous combination. This is a genetic test in which the levels of two genes are halved and if the combination shows a phenotype not present on each single heterozy ...
... presented a genetic interaction with unc-5. First, we determined whether unc-5 and eve were able to interact genetically in a transheterozygous combination. This is a genetic test in which the levels of two genes are halved and if the combination shows a phenotype not present on each single heterozy ...
Neural Crest Inducing Signals
... The first candidate molecules identified in the epidermis were BMP-4 and BMP-7. Like dorsalin-l, the addition of these molecules to intermediate neural plate explants could induce neural crest in the absence of epidermis, leading to the proposal that BMPs may be the epidermal signal responsible for ...
... The first candidate molecules identified in the epidermis were BMP-4 and BMP-7. Like dorsalin-l, the addition of these molecules to intermediate neural plate explants could induce neural crest in the absence of epidermis, leading to the proposal that BMPs may be the epidermal signal responsible for ...
as Hotspot Ca 2+ Signaling Units
... bidirectional relation between Ca2+ release and ATP production allows for a positive feedback regulation between ER and mitochondria during increased energetic demand [41]. The uptake of Ca2+ in mitochondria will also affect Ca2+ signaling at both the local and the global level. Assuming the microdo ...
... bidirectional relation between Ca2+ release and ATP production allows for a positive feedback regulation between ER and mitochondria during increased energetic demand [41]. The uptake of Ca2+ in mitochondria will also affect Ca2+ signaling at both the local and the global level. Assuming the microdo ...
PIN-Dependent Auxin Transport: Action, Regulation
... members of the family, and look at the family from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we cover the cell biological and molecular aspects of PIN function, in particular the establishment of their polar subcellular localization. Hormonal and environmental inputs into the regulation of PIN action are s ...
... members of the family, and look at the family from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we cover the cell biological and molecular aspects of PIN function, in particular the establishment of their polar subcellular localization. Hormonal and environmental inputs into the regulation of PIN action are s ...
VEGFR2 but not VEGFR3 governs integrity and remodeling of
... cells, and VEGFR2- or VEGFR3-expressing ECs. Dynamic changes in angiofollicular unit and number of endothelial fenestrae in thyroid glands by circulating TSH To get an insight about how the dynamic changes in thyroid capillaries occur, we determined the influence of TSHR signaling on the thyroid gla ...
... cells, and VEGFR2- or VEGFR3-expressing ECs. Dynamic changes in angiofollicular unit and number of endothelial fenestrae in thyroid glands by circulating TSH To get an insight about how the dynamic changes in thyroid capillaries occur, we determined the influence of TSHR signaling on the thyroid gla ...
Lipolysis Exposes Unreactive Endogenous Apolipoprotein E-3
... tured fibroblasts after 6 h of incubation without and with exogenous apo E-3. Control VLDL without added apo E-3 exhibits very low metabolic activities (binding, cell association, and degradation) that as previously reported (1 1), are enhanced 10-30fold (degradation) by the addition of exogenous ap ...
... tured fibroblasts after 6 h of incubation without and with exogenous apo E-3. Control VLDL without added apo E-3 exhibits very low metabolic activities (binding, cell association, and degradation) that as previously reported (1 1), are enhanced 10-30fold (degradation) by the addition of exogenous ap ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.