Metabolomics of a single vacuole reveals metabolic dynamism in an
... not only differ in individual organs, cells, and organelles but also fluctuate in response to developmental stages and environmental conditions. Metabolite levels are critical regulators of fundamental biological processes such as growth, differentiation, and defense responses. Therefore, the analys ...
... not only differ in individual organs, cells, and organelles but also fluctuate in response to developmental stages and environmental conditions. Metabolite levels are critical regulators of fundamental biological processes such as growth, differentiation, and defense responses. Therefore, the analys ...
CENP-E Is a Plus End–Directed Kinetochore Motor Required for
... 57% similar. Unshaded regions within the rod are those regions sharing 47% identity with human CENP-E. One cDNA clone encoded a protein with a 9 amino acid insertion relative to other cDNAs isolated (marked by the arrowhead, see Figure 1C). XCENP-E contains a putative nuclear localization signal (NL ...
... 57% similar. Unshaded regions within the rod are those regions sharing 47% identity with human CENP-E. One cDNA clone encoded a protein with a 9 amino acid insertion relative to other cDNAs isolated (marked by the arrowhead, see Figure 1C). XCENP-E contains a putative nuclear localization signal (NL ...
RNAi: a defensive RNA-silencing against viruses and transposable
... very good candidates, as they are always associated with RNA silencing and have the ability to reinitiate RNAi. However, mutants in plants and worms defective for siRNA accumulation or production are not defective for systemic silencing. Other candidates could be the long dsRNAs themselves, or the t ...
... very good candidates, as they are always associated with RNA silencing and have the ability to reinitiate RNAi. However, mutants in plants and worms defective for siRNA accumulation or production are not defective for systemic silencing. Other candidates could be the long dsRNAs themselves, or the t ...
Rap1b in Smooth Muscle and Endothelium Is Required for
... indices of renal function and plasma renin activity were normal in Rap1b−/− mice. Ex vivo, we examined whether the effect of Rap1b deletion on smooth muscle–mediated vessel contraction and endothelium-dependent vessel dilation, 2 major mechanisms controlling basal vascular tone, was the basis for th ...
... indices of renal function and plasma renin activity were normal in Rap1b−/− mice. Ex vivo, we examined whether the effect of Rap1b deletion on smooth muscle–mediated vessel contraction and endothelium-dependent vessel dilation, 2 major mechanisms controlling basal vascular tone, was the basis for th ...
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... (ENHANCER OF DA1), which control the length of the cell division phase (Horiguchi et al., 2005; Li et al., 2008), or EXP10 (EXPANSIN 10) and SAUR19 (SMALL AUXIN UP-REGULATED RNA 19) (Cho and Cosgrove, 2000; Spartz et al., 2012), regulating cell expansion. Other regulators, on the other hand, infl ...
... (ENHANCER OF DA1), which control the length of the cell division phase (Horiguchi et al., 2005; Li et al., 2008), or EXP10 (EXPANSIN 10) and SAUR19 (SMALL AUXIN UP-REGULATED RNA 19) (Cho and Cosgrove, 2000; Spartz et al., 2012), regulating cell expansion. Other regulators, on the other hand, infl ...
Lymphoid Organs in Mice T Cells from Gut
... *Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Klinische Pharmakologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany; †Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; ‡Max von Petten ...
... *Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Klinische Pharmakologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany; †Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; ‡Max von Petten ...
From transporter to transceptor
... The Gap1 general amino acid permease in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied as a model system for substrate-regulated intracellular trafficking. Research on this protein has revealed a complex set of regulatory mechanisms, not only controlling amino acid-induced endocytic internaliza ...
... The Gap1 general amino acid permease in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied as a model system for substrate-regulated intracellular trafficking. Research on this protein has revealed a complex set of regulatory mechanisms, not only controlling amino acid-induced endocytic internaliza ...
Nitrogen deficiency inhibits leaf blade growth in Lolium
... choice for unravelling cellular processes underlying growth responses. This is because of the presence of a developmental gradient along the leaf axis that spatially separates cell proliferation from cell expansion and maturation, allowing thus their simultaneous evaluation. Moreover, cell expansion ...
... choice for unravelling cellular processes underlying growth responses. This is because of the presence of a developmental gradient along the leaf axis that spatially separates cell proliferation from cell expansion and maturation, allowing thus their simultaneous evaluation. Moreover, cell expansion ...
The Role of Axginine in the Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus
... radioactive DNA resistant to DNase increased in the infected cells as the concentration of arginine was increased, indicating that the process of coating of viral DNA occurred only in the presence of arginine (Fig. I). An attempt was made to determine whether incomplete herpes virions were synthesiz ...
... radioactive DNA resistant to DNase increased in the infected cells as the concentration of arginine was increased, indicating that the process of coating of viral DNA occurred only in the presence of arginine (Fig. I). An attempt was made to determine whether incomplete herpes virions were synthesiz ...
The effect of Centella asiatica, vitamins, glycolic acid and their
... The effect of Centella asiatica, vitamins, glycolic acid and their mixtures preparations hydroxylase, which are the two enzymes essential for collagen biosynthesis (Pinnel, 1985). As such in our study, vitamin C was used as a positive control as well as vitamin treatment to the cells. CA with the a ...
... The effect of Centella asiatica, vitamins, glycolic acid and their mixtures preparations hydroxylase, which are the two enzymes essential for collagen biosynthesis (Pinnel, 1985). As such in our study, vitamin C was used as a positive control as well as vitamin treatment to the cells. CA with the a ...
Growth as a Solid Tumor or Reduced Glucose Concentrations
... Mechanisms involved in the latter remain unclear, but the density of CD44 and use of alternative mRNA splicing to express particular isoforms may be important prognostic indicators for some human malignancies (14). In some cases, the HA recognition function of CD44 can correspond in either a positiv ...
... Mechanisms involved in the latter remain unclear, but the density of CD44 and use of alternative mRNA splicing to express particular isoforms may be important prognostic indicators for some human malignancies (14). In some cases, the HA recognition function of CD44 can correspond in either a positiv ...
Temporal Regulation of RNA Polymerase II by Srb10 and Kin28
... Srb10 is a negative regulator of transcription in vivo. An artificial holoenzyme recruitment assay (Barberis et al., 1995; Farrell et al., 1996; reviewed in Ptashne and Gann, 1997) provides another in vivo test of the hypothesis that Srb10 is a negative regulator. Tethering of a holoenzyme component ...
... Srb10 is a negative regulator of transcription in vivo. An artificial holoenzyme recruitment assay (Barberis et al., 1995; Farrell et al., 1996; reviewed in Ptashne and Gann, 1997) provides another in vivo test of the hypothesis that Srb10 is a negative regulator. Tethering of a holoenzyme component ...
MUC1 is a novel costimulatory molecule of human T cells and
... and inhibitory motifs; therefore, we investigated whether MUC1 can also act as a costimulatory molecule on human T cells. Nonpurified T-cell cultures from human peripheral blood exhibited enhanced proliferation and an increase in cytokine production when CD3 and MUC1 were cross-linked and coligated. ...
... and inhibitory motifs; therefore, we investigated whether MUC1 can also act as a costimulatory molecule on human T cells. Nonpurified T-cell cultures from human peripheral blood exhibited enhanced proliferation and an increase in cytokine production when CD3 and MUC1 were cross-linked and coligated. ...
Auxin-Dependent Cell Division and Cell Elongation. 1
... blocked by PTX, which was again correlated with an increase of cell elongation over the sample treated with 2,4-D in the absence of the inhibitor. When both 2,4-D and NAA were present, AlF42 caused a strong stimulation of cell division and a strong decrease of cell length, i.e. it acted antagonistic ...
... blocked by PTX, which was again correlated with an increase of cell elongation over the sample treated with 2,4-D in the absence of the inhibitor. When both 2,4-D and NAA were present, AlF42 caused a strong stimulation of cell division and a strong decrease of cell length, i.e. it acted antagonistic ...
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... and axon guidance, is well established [1]. In addition to the biochemical signals, there is increasing evidence that the physical parameters (e.g. topography and stiffness) of the complex extracellular milieu, constituted by the extracellular matrix (ECM) components and the surrounding cells, are a ...
... and axon guidance, is well established [1]. In addition to the biochemical signals, there is increasing evidence that the physical parameters (e.g. topography and stiffness) of the complex extracellular milieu, constituted by the extracellular matrix (ECM) components and the surrounding cells, are a ...
Phosphoinositide signaling in plant development
... respectively (Mueller-Roeber and Pical, 2002). To date, no PIkinase has been demonstrated to be capable of generating PtdIns5P from PtdIns, leaving the biogenesis of this lipid unclear. PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P can be further phosphorylated by PIP-kinases, resulting in the formation of PtdIns(3,5)P2 an ...
... respectively (Mueller-Roeber and Pical, 2002). To date, no PIkinase has been demonstrated to be capable of generating PtdIns5P from PtdIns, leaving the biogenesis of this lipid unclear. PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P can be further phosphorylated by PIP-kinases, resulting in the formation of PtdIns(3,5)P2 an ...
Reprogramming glucose metabolism in cancer: can it be
... level of PKM2 activity in cancer cells suggests that there is an alternative mechanism by which PEP is converted into pyruvate. One such mechanism is mediated by phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), which is known to cata lyse the conversion of 3‑phosphoglycerate (3PG) into 2‑phosphoglycerate (2PG) i ...
... level of PKM2 activity in cancer cells suggests that there is an alternative mechanism by which PEP is converted into pyruvate. One such mechanism is mediated by phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), which is known to cata lyse the conversion of 3‑phosphoglycerate (3PG) into 2‑phosphoglycerate (2PG) i ...
Subset-Specific Reductions in Lung Lymphocyte
... and identified the physiologically relevant adhesion receptors expressed during inflammatory responses in selected sites. However, many microvascular beds and disease processes are not amenable to in vitro modeling or intravital study. Consequently, the contributions of adhesion receptors must be ev ...
... and identified the physiologically relevant adhesion receptors expressed during inflammatory responses in selected sites. However, many microvascular beds and disease processes are not amenable to in vitro modeling or intravital study. Consequently, the contributions of adhesion receptors must be ev ...
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... endoderm cells could be sometimes observed at the surface of floating N4-1 aggregates just as in the case of F9 cells (Sherman & Miller, 1978). After 2 weeks in culture, the central portion of the aggregates became necrotic and hollow, and the outer surface was partially covered by endoderm cells. T ...
... endoderm cells could be sometimes observed at the surface of floating N4-1 aggregates just as in the case of F9 cells (Sherman & Miller, 1978). After 2 weeks in culture, the central portion of the aggregates became necrotic and hollow, and the outer surface was partially covered by endoderm cells. T ...
Biogenesis, Turnover, and Mode of Action of Plant
... MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 20- to 24-nucleotide endogenous small RNAs that repress gene expression. In plants, miRNAs control the expression of genes encoding transcription factors, stress response proteins, and other proteins that impact the development, growth, and physiology of plants. The ...
... MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of 20- to 24-nucleotide endogenous small RNAs that repress gene expression. In plants, miRNAs control the expression of genes encoding transcription factors, stress response proteins, and other proteins that impact the development, growth, and physiology of plants. The ...
An Equatorial Contractile Mechanism Drives Cell Elongation but not
... transcription factor brachyury, is completed at the 110 cell stage [42,43]. During gastrulation, 10 notochord precursors undergo two rounds of cell division and the resulting 40 cells form a monolayer epithelium anterior to the blastopore [8,11,44,45]. Subsequently, in approximately 3 h up to the ea ...
... transcription factor brachyury, is completed at the 110 cell stage [42,43]. During gastrulation, 10 notochord precursors undergo two rounds of cell division and the resulting 40 cells form a monolayer epithelium anterior to the blastopore [8,11,44,45]. Subsequently, in approximately 3 h up to the ea ...
The ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: Structure, Function, and
... drugs have been proposed on the membranespanning domains. Many drug substrates of multidrug transporters are lipophilic or amphiphilic molecules. On the basis of their preferential partitioning in the membrane, it has been proposed that some drugs directly access ABC transporters within the membrane ...
... drugs have been proposed on the membranespanning domains. Many drug substrates of multidrug transporters are lipophilic or amphiphilic molecules. On the basis of their preferential partitioning in the membrane, it has been proposed that some drugs directly access ABC transporters within the membrane ...
The ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
... drugs have been proposed on the membranespanning domains. Many drug substrates of multidrug transporters are lipophilic or amphiphilic molecules. On the basis of their preferential partitioning in the membrane, it has been proposed that some drugs directly access ABC transporters within the membrane ...
... drugs have been proposed on the membranespanning domains. Many drug substrates of multidrug transporters are lipophilic or amphiphilic molecules. On the basis of their preferential partitioning in the membrane, it has been proposed that some drugs directly access ABC transporters within the membrane ...
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... express AP, however, is inconsistent with the possibility that AP expression depends solely on the translational activation of maternal AP mRNA. There are several reasons why AP may not have been expressed in the anucleate fragments. First, the anucleate fragments may not be capable of protein synth ...
... express AP, however, is inconsistent with the possibility that AP expression depends solely on the translational activation of maternal AP mRNA. There are several reasons why AP may not have been expressed in the anucleate fragments. First, the anucleate fragments may not be capable of protein synth ...
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... either EXT1 or EXT2 would undergo a second somatic mutation within a normal EXT allele, resulting in localized osteochondroma formation (28,29). Consistent with this model, two groups developed mice with clonal, sporadic deletions of Ext1-floxed alleles using Cre promoters that target cells of both ...
... either EXT1 or EXT2 would undergo a second somatic mutation within a normal EXT allele, resulting in localized osteochondroma formation (28,29). Consistent with this model, two groups developed mice with clonal, sporadic deletions of Ext1-floxed alleles using Cre promoters that target cells of both ...