Vertebrate Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs and Their Sequence
... this is polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) miRNA (sv40-miR-S1) downregulation of the expression of the viral T-antigen, which is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. sv40-miR-S1 accumulates during the late stages of infection and targets early viral mRNAs for cleavage, resulting in the ...
... this is polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) miRNA (sv40-miR-S1) downregulation of the expression of the viral T-antigen, which is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. sv40-miR-S1 accumulates during the late stages of infection and targets early viral mRNAs for cleavage, resulting in the ...
TBX5 is required for embryonic cardiac cell cycle - UNC
... distinct periods of proliferation: one that occurs during early embryogenesis and a second that takes place immediately following birth (MacLellan and Schneider, 2000; Olson and Schneider, 2003; Pasumarthi and Field, 2002). The embryonic phase of cardiac proliferation begins after cardiac cell commi ...
... distinct periods of proliferation: one that occurs during early embryogenesis and a second that takes place immediately following birth (MacLellan and Schneider, 2000; Olson and Schneider, 2003; Pasumarthi and Field, 2002). The embryonic phase of cardiac proliferation begins after cardiac cell commi ...
pdf: Rahman et al. 2007.
... examined actin organization in the primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana. In treatments for 48 h that inhibited root elongation rate by 50%, we find that auxins and auxin-transport inhibitors can be divided into two classes based on their effects on cell division, elongation and actin organization. I ...
... examined actin organization in the primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana. In treatments for 48 h that inhibited root elongation rate by 50%, we find that auxins and auxin-transport inhibitors can be divided into two classes based on their effects on cell division, elongation and actin organization. I ...
Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Reactive
... SA homeostasis is required for optimal photosynthesis and acclimation to EEE. Plants with deregulated SA synthesis were shown to be impaired in acclimation to moderate EEE and thus predisposed to photooxidative stress. Low and high SA levels were strictly correlated to H2O2 and glutathione contents ...
... SA homeostasis is required for optimal photosynthesis and acclimation to EEE. Plants with deregulated SA synthesis were shown to be impaired in acclimation to moderate EEE and thus predisposed to photooxidative stress. Low and high SA levels were strictly correlated to H2O2 and glutathione contents ...
A processed form of the Spätzle protein defines dorsal
... injected in the extracellular space of the early Drosophila embryo. This factor, called polarizing activity, has the properties predicted for a ligand for the transmembrane receptor encoded by the Toll gene. Using a bioassay to follow activity, we purified a 24×103 Mr protein that has polarizing act ...
... injected in the extracellular space of the early Drosophila embryo. This factor, called polarizing activity, has the properties predicted for a ligand for the transmembrane receptor encoded by the Toll gene. Using a bioassay to follow activity, we purified a 24×103 Mr protein that has polarizing act ...
IL-10–producing NKT10 cells are a distinct regulatory invariant
... no difference in tumor protection between control and αGalCerpretreated mice (Figure 2D, bar 3 versus bar 6). Therefore, we conclude that cytotoxicity induced by cognate antigen recognition is unimpaired in αGalCer-pretreated iNKT cells. Effective TCR signaling of αGalCer-pretreated iNKT cells. To d ...
... no difference in tumor protection between control and αGalCerpretreated mice (Figure 2D, bar 3 versus bar 6). Therefore, we conclude that cytotoxicity induced by cognate antigen recognition is unimpaired in αGalCer-pretreated iNKT cells. Effective TCR signaling of αGalCer-pretreated iNKT cells. To d ...
Electroporation into the Limb: Beyond Misexpression
... elongation factor promoter exhibits a similar strength in the chick limb bud (Suzuki et al., unpubl. data, 2008). Third, electroporated transgenes are transcribed immediately and expressed as proteins within 3 h. When the RCAS system is used, it takes 20 h for any significant expression of transgene ...
... elongation factor promoter exhibits a similar strength in the chick limb bud (Suzuki et al., unpubl. data, 2008). Third, electroporated transgenes are transcribed immediately and expressed as proteins within 3 h. When the RCAS system is used, it takes 20 h for any significant expression of transgene ...
Analysis of Transcription Activation Distance as a Polygenic Trait in
... typically contain a DNA binding domain and an activation domain that contacts other proteins. These domains usually function independently of each other and can in some cases be swapped between activators. This was first demonstrated when the LexA DNA binding domain from E. coli was fused to the S. ...
... typically contain a DNA binding domain and an activation domain that contacts other proteins. These domains usually function independently of each other and can in some cases be swapped between activators. This was first demonstrated when the LexA DNA binding domain from E. coli was fused to the S. ...
Plasticity in Cell Division Patterns and Auxin
... GRP-positive structures at day 2 of culture was highly correlated with the number of embryos formed (Supplemental Figure 1I). GRP expression is therefore a suitable marker for following the establishment of embryo cell fate in microspore cultures. We examined GRP expression in combination with 49,6- ...
... GRP-positive structures at day 2 of culture was highly correlated with the number of embryos formed (Supplemental Figure 1I). GRP expression is therefore a suitable marker for following the establishment of embryo cell fate in microspore cultures. We examined GRP expression in combination with 49,6- ...
Slits affect the timely migration of neural crest cells via robo receptor
... Fig. 2. Slit molecule over-expression impairs neural crest cell migration. Chicken embryos HH14–15 were electroporated with control GFP (A, C, E) or mSlit1 (B, F), hSlit2 (D) plasmids and incubated for 24 hpe (A, B arrows point to forelimb area) or 48 hpe (C–F arrows point to hindlimb area). Cells w ...
... Fig. 2. Slit molecule over-expression impairs neural crest cell migration. Chicken embryos HH14–15 were electroporated with control GFP (A, C, E) or mSlit1 (B, F), hSlit2 (D) plasmids and incubated for 24 hpe (A, B arrows point to forelimb area) or 48 hpe (C–F arrows point to hindlimb area). Cells w ...
2.2 Sol-gel immobilization
... (16,000×g for 20 min at 15 °C) for the removal of cell debris. The supernatant after this step, which was defined as cell extract (LipT6M_CE fraction) was collected for immobilization and in parallel separated and exposed to heat treatment of 50 °C for 15 min followed by another centrifugation step. ...
... (16,000×g for 20 min at 15 °C) for the removal of cell debris. The supernatant after this step, which was defined as cell extract (LipT6M_CE fraction) was collected for immobilization and in parallel separated and exposed to heat treatment of 50 °C for 15 min followed by another centrifugation step. ...
Role of Protein Carbonylation in Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss
... Oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in tissues can be identified using different methodologies. For instance, carbonyl-modified proteins are commonly detected using hydrazide, which reacts specifically with protein carbonyls in the form of aldehydes via Schiff base formation, and are stabilized ...
... Oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in tissues can be identified using different methodologies. For instance, carbonyl-modified proteins are commonly detected using hydrazide, which reacts specifically with protein carbonyls in the form of aldehydes via Schiff base formation, and are stabilized ...
Increasing Fgf4 expression in the mouse limb bud
... for lacZ expression [-galactosidase (gal) activity] in whole mount shows that the CAGG promoter drives expression of the Fgf4GOF transgene in a wide variety of cell types at E9.5. The Fgf4GOF embryo shown is hemizygous for the transgene. (C-S) Fgf4 expression is compared in limb buds from normal ( ...
... for lacZ expression [-galactosidase (gal) activity] in whole mount shows that the CAGG promoter drives expression of the Fgf4GOF transgene in a wide variety of cell types at E9.5. The Fgf4GOF embryo shown is hemizygous for the transgene. (C-S) Fgf4 expression is compared in limb buds from normal ( ...
Molecular Microbiology
... to the retention times of the two peaks present exclusively in the wild type chromatogram (Fig. 3, fractions 38/39 and 41/42) appeared to be active. The peak eluting at 38/ 39 min was named putisolvin I, the peak eluting at 41/42 min was named putisolvin II. The HPLC fractions from mutant strain PCL ...
... to the retention times of the two peaks present exclusively in the wild type chromatogram (Fig. 3, fractions 38/39 and 41/42) appeared to be active. The peak eluting at 38/ 39 min was named putisolvin I, the peak eluting at 41/42 min was named putisolvin II. The HPLC fractions from mutant strain PCL ...
Xenopus hairy2 functions in neural crest formation by maintaining
... Davis and Turner, 2001). In particular, hes-related genes have a prominent role in inhibiting neurogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that the timing of neural stem cell differentiation is critically controlled by multiple hes-related genes (reviewed by Kageyama et al., 2005). Additionally, in ge ...
... Davis and Turner, 2001). In particular, hes-related genes have a prominent role in inhibiting neurogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that the timing of neural stem cell differentiation is critically controlled by multiple hes-related genes (reviewed by Kageyama et al., 2005). Additionally, in ge ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of progress
... In characean cells, the sol endoplasm rotates in the same direction with a constant velocity (rotational streaming). This stable streaming is suitable for quantitative analysis. Ewart (1903) published a figure showing the streaming velocity to be highest in the inner layers of the endoplasm and lowe ...
... In characean cells, the sol endoplasm rotates in the same direction with a constant velocity (rotational streaming). This stable streaming is suitable for quantitative analysis. Ewart (1903) published a figure showing the streaming velocity to be highest in the inner layers of the endoplasm and lowe ...
BMC Plant Biology 15: 171pp (Open access)
... [22]. Therefore, we searched this phenotype in the independently generated rpk1-6 allele, which is a T-DNA insertion in the RPK1 coding region [22] and found SAM-less seedlings with similar frequencies as in rpk1-7 (Table 1). The other SAM-less seedlings did never develop a normal SAM but necrotic c ...
... [22]. Therefore, we searched this phenotype in the independently generated rpk1-6 allele, which is a T-DNA insertion in the RPK1 coding region [22] and found SAM-less seedlings with similar frequencies as in rpk1-7 (Table 1). The other SAM-less seedlings did never develop a normal SAM but necrotic c ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of
... In characean cells, the sol endoplasm rotates in the same direction with a constant velocity (rotational streaming). This stable streaming is suitable for quantitative analysis. Ewart (1903) published a figure showing the streaming velocity to be highest in the inner layers of the endoplasm and lowe ...
... In characean cells, the sol endoplasm rotates in the same direction with a constant velocity (rotational streaming). This stable streaming is suitable for quantitative analysis. Ewart (1903) published a figure showing the streaming velocity to be highest in the inner layers of the endoplasm and lowe ...
The ATP synthase is involved in generating mitochondrial cristae
... ATP18, ATP20 or TIM11 genes, encoding subunits i, g and e, respectively. The null mutant in the ATP18 gene was used as a control as it is partially defective for ATP synthesis (Vaillier et al., 1999), yet still contains a stable ATP synthase and thus more closely mimics the mutations in ATP20 and TI ...
... ATP18, ATP20 or TIM11 genes, encoding subunits i, g and e, respectively. The null mutant in the ATP18 gene was used as a control as it is partially defective for ATP synthesis (Vaillier et al., 1999), yet still contains a stable ATP synthase and thus more closely mimics the mutations in ATP20 and TI ...
Alternative oxidase in higher plants
... as model systems for the analysis of the mitochondrial-nuclear signalling pathways. It would be interesting to determine whether the communication between the mitochondria and nucleus is a common response to mitochondrial dysfunction (for example a decrease in the activity of the cytochrome pathway ...
... as model systems for the analysis of the mitochondrial-nuclear signalling pathways. It would be interesting to determine whether the communication between the mitochondria and nucleus is a common response to mitochondrial dysfunction (for example a decrease in the activity of the cytochrome pathway ...
Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... wall β1,6-glucans. Adhesins typically have tandem repeats; adhesins such as the C. albicans ALS family bind to both specific cell types and to plastic. We postulate that the mannoprotein glues from plant pathogenic fungi are secreted in a more water-soluble form, are transiently sticky, and are cros ...
... wall β1,6-glucans. Adhesins typically have tandem repeats; adhesins such as the C. albicans ALS family bind to both specific cell types and to plastic. We postulate that the mannoprotein glues from plant pathogenic fungi are secreted in a more water-soluble form, are transiently sticky, and are cros ...
Isolation and characterization of acid
... (the wild-type and N750-1) with two kinds of Nham formulations (normal formulation and reduced garlic (3%) formulation). Nham sausages were incubated at 30 C for 7 days. Samples were taken at 0 h, 12 h and every 24 h up to 7 days. Nham sample (25 g) was aseptically transferred to a sterile plastic ...
... (the wild-type and N750-1) with two kinds of Nham formulations (normal formulation and reduced garlic (3%) formulation). Nham sausages were incubated at 30 C for 7 days. Samples were taken at 0 h, 12 h and every 24 h up to 7 days. Nham sample (25 g) was aseptically transferred to a sterile plastic ...
Manipulation of Strawberry Fruit Softening by
... Strawberry (Fragaria ⫻ ananassa, Duch., cv Chandler) is a soft fruit with a short postharvest life, mainly due to a rapid lost of firm texture. To control the strawberry fruit softening, we obtained transgenic plants that incorporate an antisense sequence of a strawberry pectate lyase gene under the ...
... Strawberry (Fragaria ⫻ ananassa, Duch., cv Chandler) is a soft fruit with a short postharvest life, mainly due to a rapid lost of firm texture. To control the strawberry fruit softening, we obtained transgenic plants that incorporate an antisense sequence of a strawberry pectate lyase gene under the ...
Complement-dependent immune complex-induced - AJP-Lung
... and the tail vein was cannulated with a 27-gauge needle for injection of the methacholine challenge. The plethysmograph was sealed, and readings were monitored by computer. Because the box was a closed system, a change in lung volume was represented by a change in box pressure (Pbox) that was measur ...
... and the tail vein was cannulated with a 27-gauge needle for injection of the methacholine challenge. The plethysmograph was sealed, and readings were monitored by computer. Because the box was a closed system, a change in lung volume was represented by a change in box pressure (Pbox) that was measur ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... rhizobitoxine, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor. This compound was found to enhance the nodulation of siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb.) by reducing root ethylene production (38). In this study, we were interested in studying another mechanism known to be used by plant growth-promoting bact ...
... rhizobitoxine, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor. This compound was found to enhance the nodulation of siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum Urb.) by reducing root ethylene production (38). In this study, we were interested in studying another mechanism known to be used by plant growth-promoting bact ...