Investigating the Role of ADP-forming Acetyl-CoA
... Acetate assimilation as an alternative carbon source may occur under certain conditions such as when glucose is diminished (1). Acetate is typically activated to form acetyl-CoA, a central metabolic intermediate positioned at the junction of several pathways. The high-energy thioester bond between t ...
... Acetate assimilation as an alternative carbon source may occur under certain conditions such as when glucose is diminished (1). Acetate is typically activated to form acetyl-CoA, a central metabolic intermediate positioned at the junction of several pathways. The high-energy thioester bond between t ...
Acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... double membrane, with an intermembrane space between the two layers. The transition reaction and citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix. The electron transport system is located in the cristae of the mitochondria. ...
... double membrane, with an intermembrane space between the two layers. The transition reaction and citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix. The electron transport system is located in the cristae of the mitochondria. ...
principles of metabolic regulation: glucose and glycogen
... carbon skeleton of every one of its molecules. When a cell “decides” to use glucose 6-phosphate for one purpose, that decision affects all the other pathways for which glucose 6-phosphate is a precursor or intermediate; any change in the allocation of glucose 6-phosphate to one pathway affects, dire ...
... carbon skeleton of every one of its molecules. When a cell “decides” to use glucose 6-phosphate for one purpose, that decision affects all the other pathways for which glucose 6-phosphate is a precursor or intermediate; any change in the allocation of glucose 6-phosphate to one pathway affects, dire ...
Biochemical Characterization of 2-Nitropropane Dioxygenase from
... Table 2.4. Apparent steady state second order rate constants, kcat/KM, for alkyl nitronates as substrates for H. mrakii 2-nitropropane dioxygenase in 50 mM potassium phosphate pH 6 and 30 oC…………………………………………………………………………………55 Table 3.1. Oxygen consumption and nitrite production during 2-nitropropane d ...
... Table 2.4. Apparent steady state second order rate constants, kcat/KM, for alkyl nitronates as substrates for H. mrakii 2-nitropropane dioxygenase in 50 mM potassium phosphate pH 6 and 30 oC…………………………………………………………………………………55 Table 3.1. Oxygen consumption and nitrite production during 2-nitropropane d ...
... (0.25 U mL-1) was observed on the 20th day, accompanied by higher levels of degradation of xylan by this fungus (Figure 2). P. tailandia did not show activities of β-xylosidase, except on the 10th day (0.01 UI mL-1; Figure 2). Iembo (IEMBO et al., 2005) performed experiments with thermophilous fungu ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... When the defect is in muscle tissue, weakness & difficulty with exercise result from inability to increase glucose entry into Glycolysis during exercise. Additional symptoms depend on the particular enzyme that is deficient. ...
... When the defect is in muscle tissue, weakness & difficulty with exercise result from inability to increase glucose entry into Glycolysis during exercise. Additional symptoms depend on the particular enzyme that is deficient. ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... When the defect is in muscle tissue, weakness & difficulty with exercise result from inability to increase glucose entry into Glycolysis during exercise. Additional symptoms depend on the particular enzyme that is deficient. ...
... When the defect is in muscle tissue, weakness & difficulty with exercise result from inability to increase glucose entry into Glycolysis during exercise. Additional symptoms depend on the particular enzyme that is deficient. ...
CHARACTERIZATION OF B-LACTAMASES FROM TWO B
... sulphate gave maximal value of protein and p-lactamase activity in the two studied P.aeruginosa isolates (Z 33 and Z 90), where the maximum P-lactamase activities were 5.8 and 2.9 u mol/min/ml for the two isolates, respectively. This result was in agreement with the result of Cruchural et al., 1986. ...
... sulphate gave maximal value of protein and p-lactamase activity in the two studied P.aeruginosa isolates (Z 33 and Z 90), where the maximum P-lactamase activities were 5.8 and 2.9 u mol/min/ml for the two isolates, respectively. This result was in agreement with the result of Cruchural et al., 1986. ...
Factor IXHollywood
... and 13.2 for factor IX,.15-17A 13.2 value of was also used for factor IX,,, since its amino acid composition is the same as that of factor IX, with one exception, ie, Pro to Ala change (see Results). Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor preparation was made by gel filtration of Cutter Koate (Cutter Bio ...
... and 13.2 for factor IX,.15-17A 13.2 value of was also used for factor IX,,, since its amino acid composition is the same as that of factor IX, with one exception, ie, Pro to Ala change (see Results). Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor preparation was made by gel filtration of Cutter Koate (Cutter Bio ...
AMP-activated protein kinase and metabolic control - HAL
... Physical activity is an important determinant to prevent and control T2D. Current guidelines recommend practical, regular and moderate regimens of physical activity. The multiple metabolic adaptations that occur in response to physical activity can improve glycaemic control for individuals with T2D ...
... Physical activity is an important determinant to prevent and control T2D. Current guidelines recommend practical, regular and moderate regimens of physical activity. The multiple metabolic adaptations that occur in response to physical activity can improve glycaemic control for individuals with T2D ...
Cholesterol Synthesis
... acids, eicosanoids, retinoids, & various non-polar xenobiotics (drugs & other foreign compounds). Some P450 enzymes have broad substrate specificity. Mechanisms for detoxification of non-polar compounds include reactions such as hydroxylations that increase polarity, so that the products of these ...
... acids, eicosanoids, retinoids, & various non-polar xenobiotics (drugs & other foreign compounds). Some P450 enzymes have broad substrate specificity. Mechanisms for detoxification of non-polar compounds include reactions such as hydroxylations that increase polarity, so that the products of these ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Glycolysis Lectures
... The metabolic flux through the glycolytic pathway must be adjusted to respond to internal and extracellular conditions. IMPORTANT - Two major cellular needs regulate the rate of glucose conversion into pyruvate: 1) The production of ATP. 2) The production of building blocks for synthetic reactions. ...
... The metabolic flux through the glycolytic pathway must be adjusted to respond to internal and extracellular conditions. IMPORTANT - Two major cellular needs regulate the rate of glucose conversion into pyruvate: 1) The production of ATP. 2) The production of building blocks for synthetic reactions. ...
Glycerol transport and phosphoenolpyruvate
... Glycerol kinase in these mutants was therefore assumed to possess elevated activity, rendering glycerol uptake and metabolism independent of PTS-mediated activation by phosphorylation. This could indeed be confirmed for the His-232-Arg mutant glycerol kinase of Ent. casseliflavus, which exhibited mu ...
... Glycerol kinase in these mutants was therefore assumed to possess elevated activity, rendering glycerol uptake and metabolism independent of PTS-mediated activation by phosphorylation. This could indeed be confirmed for the His-232-Arg mutant glycerol kinase of Ent. casseliflavus, which exhibited mu ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
Broad-Spectrum Peptide Inhibitors of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic
... structural studies have correlated well with functional studies that have shown that APHs [8] and AACs [7] can phosphorylate and acetylate peptides, respectively. In general, positively charged peptides are favored, likely owing to the prevalence of negatively charged residues in the active site poc ...
... structural studies have correlated well with functional studies that have shown that APHs [8] and AACs [7] can phosphorylate and acetylate peptides, respectively. In general, positively charged peptides are favored, likely owing to the prevalence of negatively charged residues in the active site poc ...
NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenase. From a model enzyme to
... C.boidinii, suitable for high-resolution structural analysis were up to date unsuccessful. The crystals so far obtained were of poor quality and were either twins that precluded solving of the respective structures or diffracted well above 3 Å resolution range. Thus apo and holo high resolution stru ...
... C.boidinii, suitable for high-resolution structural analysis were up to date unsuccessful. The crystals so far obtained were of poor quality and were either twins that precluded solving of the respective structures or diffracted well above 3 Å resolution range. Thus apo and holo high resolution stru ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Weber State University
... The complex process of forming a blood clot is catalyzed by a number of proteolytic enzymes acting one upon another, forming an “enzymatic cascade.” Such enzymatic cascades rapidly amplify biological “signals” by phenomenal amounts. Each enzyme in the cascade activates the next, according to its tur ...
... The complex process of forming a blood clot is catalyzed by a number of proteolytic enzymes acting one upon another, forming an “enzymatic cascade.” Such enzymatic cascades rapidly amplify biological “signals” by phenomenal amounts. Each enzyme in the cascade activates the next, according to its tur ...
risk and technical assessment report
... were no concerns with the safety of B. circulans, when used as a source of β-galactosidase. Question 2: What is the risk to the public from the use of β-galactosidase derived from B. circulans as a processing aid? No safety concerns with the use of this enzyme as a processing aid were raised. The sa ...
... were no concerns with the safety of B. circulans, when used as a source of β-galactosidase. Question 2: What is the risk to the public from the use of β-galactosidase derived from B. circulans as a processing aid? No safety concerns with the use of this enzyme as a processing aid were raised. The sa ...
Substrate Specificity of Human Kallikreins 1 and 6
... the fifth rounds were amplified; phage was purified and subjected to digestion by KLK6, and loss of the Flag epitope was examined by Western blotting. For comparison, we also constructed phage in which the random octapeptide in fUSE55 was replaced with the sequence encoding AAFRFSQA. This peptide ha ...
... the fifth rounds were amplified; phage was purified and subjected to digestion by KLK6, and loss of the Flag epitope was examined by Western blotting. For comparison, we also constructed phage in which the random octapeptide in fUSE55 was replaced with the sequence encoding AAFRFSQA. This peptide ha ...
Sequence and Structure Classification of Kinases
... Kinases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that catalyze the phosphoryl transfer reaction from a phosphate donor (usually ATP) to a receptor substrate. Although all kinases catalyze essentially the same phosphoryl transfer reaction, they display remarkable diversity in their substrate specificity, st ...
... Kinases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that catalyze the phosphoryl transfer reaction from a phosphate donor (usually ATP) to a receptor substrate. Although all kinases catalyze essentially the same phosphoryl transfer reaction, they display remarkable diversity in their substrate specificity, st ...
Effect of Aminoguanidine (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor
... re-feeding after starvation [20,23]. The E1α mutants were constructed by converting the serine residues at different phosphorylation sites to alanine, leaving only one functional phosphorylation site at a time [22]. They reported that phosphorylation of each site alone results in the complete inacti ...
... re-feeding after starvation [20,23]. The E1α mutants were constructed by converting the serine residues at different phosphorylation sites to alanine, leaving only one functional phosphorylation site at a time [22]. They reported that phosphorylation of each site alone results in the complete inacti ...
Mechanistic Role of an NS4A Peptide Cofactor with the Truncated
... a 5A/5B peptide substrate was investigated. NS3-NS4A demonstrated a marked catalytic preference for the cysteine residue commonly found in authentic substrates. The pH dependence of the NS3 hydrolysis reaction is not affected by the presence of NS4A. This result suggests that NS4A does not change th ...
... a 5A/5B peptide substrate was investigated. NS3-NS4A demonstrated a marked catalytic preference for the cysteine residue commonly found in authentic substrates. The pH dependence of the NS3 hydrolysis reaction is not affected by the presence of NS4A. This result suggests that NS4A does not change th ...
Purification and properties of NADP +-dependent
... applied directly to a Red-A column equilibrated with extraction buffer. The ratio between the crude extract applied and the amount of column material used was critical to obtain the correct adsorption and elution conditions. Column loading was continued up to the point where glycerol dehydrogenase d ...
... applied directly to a Red-A column equilibrated with extraction buffer. The ratio between the crude extract applied and the amount of column material used was critical to obtain the correct adsorption and elution conditions. Column loading was continued up to the point where glycerol dehydrogenase d ...
5 Molecular basis of type-2 diabetes
... Insulin receptor substrate family (IRS). At least 12 substrates of the insulin receptor have been identified: IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, IRS-4, IRS-5, IRS-6, Gab-1, three isoforms of Shc, p62dok and APS (adapter protein containing a PH and SH2 domain) [15]. Studies in knockout mice suggest that IRS protei ...
... Insulin receptor substrate family (IRS). At least 12 substrates of the insulin receptor have been identified: IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, IRS-4, IRS-5, IRS-6, Gab-1, three isoforms of Shc, p62dok and APS (adapter protein containing a PH and SH2 domain) [15]. Studies in knockout mice suggest that IRS protei ...
The activity and kinetic properties of cellulases in substrates
... The first two enzymes in this category act directly on cellulose, yielding mainly cellobiose and glucose as reaction products, and then the cellobiose is hydrolyzed into glucose by cellobiase [3,6]. Although the crude cellulase has a lower specific activity than pure cellulase containing only one of ...
... The first two enzymes in this category act directly on cellulose, yielding mainly cellobiose and glucose as reaction products, and then the cellobiose is hydrolyzed into glucose by cellobiase [3,6]. Although the crude cellulase has a lower specific activity than pure cellulase containing only one of ...
Ultrasensitivity
In molecular biology, ultrasensitivity describes an output response that is more sensitive to stimulus change than the hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten response. Ultrasensitivity is one of the biochemical switches in the cell cycle and has been implicated in a number of important cellular events, including exiting G2 cell cycle arrests in Xenopus laevis oocytes, a stage to which the cell or organism would not want to return.Ultrasensitivity is a cellular system which triggers entry into a different cellular state. Ultrasensitivity gives a small response to first input signal, but an increase in the input signal produces higher and higher levels of output. This acts to filter out noise, as small stimuli and threshold concentrations of the stimulus (input signal) is necessary for the trigger which allows the system to get activated quickly. Ultrasensitive responses are represented by sigmoidal graphs, which resemble cooperativity. Quantification of ultrasensitivity is often approximated by the Hill equation (biochemistry):Response= Stimulus^n/(EC50^n+Stimulus^n)Where Hill's coefficient (n) may represent quantitative measure of ultrasensitive response.