Molecular networks in skeletal muscle plasticity
... PGC-1α is considered to be the key downstream element of the signaling cascades activated by endurance exercise in muscle tissue (Chan and Arany, 2014) (Fig. 1). The PGC-1α gene is controlled by several promoters, coupled to alternative splicing, involved in activating gene programs for adaptations ...
... PGC-1α is considered to be the key downstream element of the signaling cascades activated by endurance exercise in muscle tissue (Chan and Arany, 2014) (Fig. 1). The PGC-1α gene is controlled by several promoters, coupled to alternative splicing, involved in activating gene programs for adaptations ...
Enzymologychapter13 - Panama College of Cell Science
... likelihood of simultaneous collision of three molecules is very, very small.) When the overall stoichiometry of a reaction is greater than two (for example, as in A ! B ! C → or 2A ! B →), the reaction almost always proceeds via unimolecular or bimolecular elementary steps, and the overall rate o ...
... likelihood of simultaneous collision of three molecules is very, very small.) When the overall stoichiometry of a reaction is greater than two (for example, as in A ! B ! C → or 2A ! B →), the reaction almost always proceeds via unimolecular or bimolecular elementary steps, and the overall rate o ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Two
... in enzyme activities in tissues and fluids is indicative of the various causes of disease listed above. In addition, injury may release tissue enzymes to the blood and thus, their concentrations in the blood can be used to locate the site of injury. Temperature (fever) affects the rate of enzyme-cat ...
... in enzyme activities in tissues and fluids is indicative of the various causes of disease listed above. In addition, injury may release tissue enzymes to the blood and thus, their concentrations in the blood can be used to locate the site of injury. Temperature (fever) affects the rate of enzyme-cat ...
A 5000-Fold Increase in the Specificity of a Bacterial
... Phosphotriesterases (PTEs) have been isolated from a range of bacterial species, including Agrobcaterium radiobacter (PTEAr), and are efficient enzymes with broad substrate ranges. The turnover rate of PTEAr for the common organophosphorous insecticide malathion is lower than expected based on its p ...
... Phosphotriesterases (PTEs) have been isolated from a range of bacterial species, including Agrobcaterium radiobacter (PTEAr), and are efficient enzymes with broad substrate ranges. The turnover rate of PTEAr for the common organophosphorous insecticide malathion is lower than expected based on its p ...
Exploration of binding site pattern in arachidonic
... Background: Cyclooxygenase (COXs) and Lipoxygenase (LOXs) pathways are the two major enzymatic pathways in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. The term eicosanoid is used to describe biologically active lipid mediators including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and other oxygenated derivativ ...
... Background: Cyclooxygenase (COXs) and Lipoxygenase (LOXs) pathways are the two major enzymatic pathways in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. The term eicosanoid is used to describe biologically active lipid mediators including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and other oxygenated derivativ ...
Short-term regulation of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase
... For a long time it has been suggested that mammalian PDHC loses TDP almost completely during isolation, because the measured PDHC activity was usually very low in the absence of added TDP (Walsh et al., 1976; Sumegi & Alkonyi, 1983). The measurements were based on the initial rate of the reaction ca ...
... For a long time it has been suggested that mammalian PDHC loses TDP almost completely during isolation, because the measured PDHC activity was usually very low in the absence of added TDP (Walsh et al., 1976; Sumegi & Alkonyi, 1983). The measurements were based on the initial rate of the reaction ca ...
Ligand Binding and Allosteric Regulation
... – Hb: tetrameric, 4 O2 binding sites per molecule, sigmoid binding curve indicative of cooperative ligand binding (structural communication between different binding sites by conformational ...
... – Hb: tetrameric, 4 O2 binding sites per molecule, sigmoid binding curve indicative of cooperative ligand binding (structural communication between different binding sites by conformational ...
Ube2W conjugates ubiquitin to α-amino groups of protein N
... Ubiquitin is conjugated to target proteins in a three-step reaction where the ubiquitin is first adenylated, then covalently linked via a thioester bond to a cysteine residue in an E1 enzyme (ubiquitin-activating enzyme). The ubiquitin is then transferred via a second thioester bond on to an E2 enzy ...
... Ubiquitin is conjugated to target proteins in a three-step reaction where the ubiquitin is first adenylated, then covalently linked via a thioester bond to a cysteine residue in an E1 enzyme (ubiquitin-activating enzyme). The ubiquitin is then transferred via a second thioester bond on to an E2 enzy ...
The Structure of the PanD/PanZ Protein Complex
... key enzymes (Farrar et al., 2010), or metabolite-binding riboswitches (Winkler and Breaker, 2005). The pathway from pantothenate onward to CoA is regulated by feedback inhibition of pantothenate kinase (Rock et al., 2003; Yun et al., 2000) in all organisms, including bacteria, but no evidence for re ...
... key enzymes (Farrar et al., 2010), or metabolite-binding riboswitches (Winkler and Breaker, 2005). The pathway from pantothenate onward to CoA is regulated by feedback inhibition of pantothenate kinase (Rock et al., 2003; Yun et al., 2000) in all organisms, including bacteria, but no evidence for re ...
Metabolism of Mollicutes: the Embden-Meyerhof
... activity was detected, 0.1-5.0 IU of the commercially available purified enzyme being studied was added directly to the apparently negative complete reaction mixture. Protein concentrations in the cell-free extracts were determined by the manufacturer's micro-assay technique using the Bio-Rad protei ...
... activity was detected, 0.1-5.0 IU of the commercially available purified enzyme being studied was added directly to the apparently negative complete reaction mixture. Protein concentrations in the cell-free extracts were determined by the manufacturer's micro-assay technique using the Bio-Rad protei ...
A consensus sequence in the endothelin
... Statistics. Data are reported as means ⫾ SE. Statistical significance was determined using a paired Student’s t-test (NHE3 activity studies) or ANOVA (binding studies) and set at P ⬍ 0.05. RESULTS ...
... Statistics. Data are reported as means ⫾ SE. Statistical significance was determined using a paired Student’s t-test (NHE3 activity studies) or ANOVA (binding studies) and set at P ⬍ 0.05. RESULTS ...
Substrate specificity of the periplasmic dipeptide
... showing activity towards dipeptides (Alves & Payne, 1980). It is not a traffic ATPase but belongs to the class of transporters that have only a single membrane protein in which transport is energized by a proton-motive force (Smith, 1992 ; J. W. Payne, unpublished results). The dipeptide permease (D ...
... showing activity towards dipeptides (Alves & Payne, 1980). It is not a traffic ATPase but belongs to the class of transporters that have only a single membrane protein in which transport is energized by a proton-motive force (Smith, 1992 ; J. W. Payne, unpublished results). The dipeptide permease (D ...
A Systematic Approach to Enzyme Assay Optimization, Illustrated by
... As stated above, our choice for the additional constraint is arbitrary. However, depending on what criterion is chosen, different substrate concentrations result. These different concentration pairs are equally valid in that they are all optimal in some way, and they all yield the same enzyme activi ...
... As stated above, our choice for the additional constraint is arbitrary. However, depending on what criterion is chosen, different substrate concentrations result. These different concentration pairs are equally valid in that they are all optimal in some way, and they all yield the same enzyme activi ...
Probing the mechanism of the bifunctional enzyme
... residues in the E. coli enzyme reacting within a few seconds, a further three reacting over a period of several minutes, and one not reacting at all. Addition of Mg2+ partially protects the three slowly reacting cysteine residues. These three appear to react with DTNB at different rates so the forma ...
... residues in the E. coli enzyme reacting within a few seconds, a further three reacting over a period of several minutes, and one not reacting at all. Addition of Mg2+ partially protects the three slowly reacting cysteine residues. These three appear to react with DTNB at different rates so the forma ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... FMN, FAD, some metal ions can be oxidized or reduced one electron at a time With organic cofactors this generally leaves a free radical in each of two places Subsequent reactions get us back to an even number of electrons 11/5/2009 Biochem: Enzymes IV ...
... FMN, FAD, some metal ions can be oxidized or reduced one electron at a time With organic cofactors this generally leaves a free radical in each of two places Subsequent reactions get us back to an even number of electrons 11/5/2009 Biochem: Enzymes IV ...
mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) controls hydrophobic motif
... 2), play a vital role in mediating the hydrophobic motif phosphorylation of Akt and S6K, as well as certain isoforms of PKC [18,19]. mTORC1 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif residue of S6K (Thr389 ), whereas mTORC2 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif of Akt (Ser473 ). mTORC1 consists of mTOR, ra ...
... 2), play a vital role in mediating the hydrophobic motif phosphorylation of Akt and S6K, as well as certain isoforms of PKC [18,19]. mTORC1 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif residue of S6K (Thr389 ), whereas mTORC2 phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif of Akt (Ser473 ). mTORC1 consists of mTOR, ra ...
Modulation of glucokinase by glucose, small
... F-1-P (fructose 1-phosphate) [15], with evidence suggesting that both sugar phosphates bind to the same site on the regulatory protein [15]. In addition, GKRP associates with GK in a manner that is competitive with glucose [16], and there is evidence that GKRP is a tight-binding inhibitor of GK [17] ...
... F-1-P (fructose 1-phosphate) [15], with evidence suggesting that both sugar phosphates bind to the same site on the regulatory protein [15]. In addition, GKRP associates with GK in a manner that is competitive with glucose [16], and there is evidence that GKRP is a tight-binding inhibitor of GK [17] ...
Recent Advances Towards New Anti-Infective Agents that Inhibit
... schematic of the mechanism is shown in Fig. (2). Catalysis is initiated when the active site thiol of Cys184 nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl carbon of the threonine residue within the LPXTG sorting signal (step 1), resulting in the formation of a transient tetrahedral intermediate (step 2). Th ...
... schematic of the mechanism is shown in Fig. (2). Catalysis is initiated when the active site thiol of Cys184 nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl carbon of the threonine residue within the LPXTG sorting signal (step 1), resulting in the formation of a transient tetrahedral intermediate (step 2). Th ...
Enzymes - دانشکده پزشکی
... -Potent (high catalytic power) High reaction rates They increase the rate of reaction by a factor of 103-1012 -Efficient (high efficiency) catalytic efficiency is represented by Turnover number: moles of substrate converted to product per second per mole of the active site of the enzyme ...
... -Potent (high catalytic power) High reaction rates They increase the rate of reaction by a factor of 103-1012 -Efficient (high efficiency) catalytic efficiency is represented by Turnover number: moles of substrate converted to product per second per mole of the active site of the enzyme ...
ENZYMES
... move, taste, and see. However, a bag of sugar can remain on the shelf for years without any obvious conversion to CO2 and H2O. Although this chemical process is thermodynamically favorable, it is very slow! Yet when sucrose is consumed by a human (or almost any other organism), it releases its chemi ...
... move, taste, and see. However, a bag of sugar can remain on the shelf for years without any obvious conversion to CO2 and H2O. Although this chemical process is thermodynamically favorable, it is very slow! Yet when sucrose is consumed by a human (or almost any other organism), it releases its chemi ...
Characterization and the role of carbonic anhydrase
... Carboxysomal protein was purified from the two cyanobacterial isolates namely Synechococcus sp. and Fischerella muscicola based on the photosynthetic rate, RuBisCo and carbonic anhydrase activity. The kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) were calculated to confirm the concentration of substrate which rea ...
... Carboxysomal protein was purified from the two cyanobacterial isolates namely Synechococcus sp. and Fischerella muscicola based on the photosynthetic rate, RuBisCo and carbonic anhydrase activity. The kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) were calculated to confirm the concentration of substrate which rea ...
Fastness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
... kinase encoded by the Mtb genome was expressed and purified as a GST fusion and incubated with purified His-tagged KasB_WT, KasB_T334A, KasB_T336A and KasB_T334A/T336A in the presence of radiolabeled [c-33]ATP. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE, stained with Coomassie Blue and visualized by autorad ...
... kinase encoded by the Mtb genome was expressed and purified as a GST fusion and incubated with purified His-tagged KasB_WT, KasB_T334A, KasB_T336A and KasB_T334A/T336A in the presence of radiolabeled [c-33]ATP. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE, stained with Coomassie Blue and visualized by autorad ...
402 Blaylock 89-92.fm
... Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain and operates through a series of specific receptors, either ionotropic such as NMDA (N-methylD-aspartate), AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid), and kainate or G-protein-operated metabotropic receptors. When the ...
... Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain and operates through a series of specific receptors, either ionotropic such as NMDA (N-methylD-aspartate), AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid), and kainate or G-protein-operated metabotropic receptors. When the ...
16. enzymes i – nomenclature and classification
... With the continuous increase in our knowledge of enzymology, various systems have evolved to name and classify the enzymes, using one or the other criterion as the basis. However, many of the enzymes were known before these systems of naming enzymes were adopted. The names of such enzymes were not c ...
... With the continuous increase in our knowledge of enzymology, various systems have evolved to name and classify the enzymes, using one or the other criterion as the basis. However, many of the enzymes were known before these systems of naming enzymes were adopted. The names of such enzymes were not c ...
Serine racemase: a KEY PLAYER in NEURON activity and in
... All these SRs crystallized as dimers, whereas in solution SR forms dimers with traces of tetramers (12). Dimers are stabilized by the formation of hydrophobic contacts, without the involvement of any disulfide bridge (20-22). Covalently cross-linked dimers were observed in the presence of reactive o ...
... All these SRs crystallized as dimers, whereas in solution SR forms dimers with traces of tetramers (12). Dimers are stabilized by the formation of hydrophobic contacts, without the involvement of any disulfide bridge (20-22). Covalently cross-linked dimers were observed in the presence of reactive o ...
Ultrasensitivity
In molecular biology, ultrasensitivity describes an output response that is more sensitive to stimulus change than the hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten response. Ultrasensitivity is one of the biochemical switches in the cell cycle and has been implicated in a number of important cellular events, including exiting G2 cell cycle arrests in Xenopus laevis oocytes, a stage to which the cell or organism would not want to return.Ultrasensitivity is a cellular system which triggers entry into a different cellular state. Ultrasensitivity gives a small response to first input signal, but an increase in the input signal produces higher and higher levels of output. This acts to filter out noise, as small stimuli and threshold concentrations of the stimulus (input signal) is necessary for the trigger which allows the system to get activated quickly. Ultrasensitive responses are represented by sigmoidal graphs, which resemble cooperativity. Quantification of ultrasensitivity is often approximated by the Hill equation (biochemistry):Response= Stimulus^n/(EC50^n+Stimulus^n)Where Hill's coefficient (n) may represent quantitative measure of ultrasensitive response.