Antisense-mediated FLC transcriptional repression requires the P
... and integrates mRNA synthesis with histone modification, premRNA processing, and mRNA export (30). Arabidopsis CDKC;2 has previously been shown to be important for flowering time control and plant virus infection (26) and to colocalize with spliceosome components in nuclear bodies (31). Here, we sho ...
... and integrates mRNA synthesis with histone modification, premRNA processing, and mRNA export (30). Arabidopsis CDKC;2 has previously been shown to be important for flowering time control and plant virus infection (26) and to colocalize with spliceosome components in nuclear bodies (31). Here, we sho ...
Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... species. For example, we have to distinguish between seedlings with an epigaeic growth, having cotyledons that first serve as storage organs but become photosynthetically active, to the hypogaeic seedlings, where the cotyledons only serve as a storage organ and are not photosynthetic. Herein, we onl ...
... species. For example, we have to distinguish between seedlings with an epigaeic growth, having cotyledons that first serve as storage organs but become photosynthetically active, to the hypogaeic seedlings, where the cotyledons only serve as a storage organ and are not photosynthetic. Herein, we onl ...
HIBERNATING BEARS, ANTIBIOTICS AND THE EVOLVING RIBOSOME
... Proteins are constantly being degraded. Therefore simultaneous production of proteins is required. The translation of the genetic code into proteins is performed by a complex apparatus comprising the ribosome, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and accessory protein factors. The ribosome, a ...
... Proteins are constantly being degraded. Therefore simultaneous production of proteins is required. The translation of the genetic code into proteins is performed by a complex apparatus comprising the ribosome, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and accessory protein factors. The ribosome, a ...
Cdc6 in S phase in human cells - Journal of Cell Science
... We first asked whether Cdc6 enters the nucleus under in vitro replication conditions. We chose to use purified recombinant Xenopus Cdc6 protein in these studies for three reasons. Firstly, because we know it stimulates replication in mammalian nuclei in vitro (Stoeber et al., 1998), secondly because ...
... We first asked whether Cdc6 enters the nucleus under in vitro replication conditions. We chose to use purified recombinant Xenopus Cdc6 protein in these studies for three reasons. Firstly, because we know it stimulates replication in mammalian nuclei in vitro (Stoeber et al., 1998), secondly because ...
Communications between Mitochondria, the Nucleus, Vacuoles
... aging of mitotically competent human cell types, while yeast chronological aging is believed to mimic aging of post-mitotic human cell types. Emergent evidence implies that various organelle-organelle and organelle-cytosol communications play essential roles in chronological aging of S. cerevisiae. ...
... aging of mitotically competent human cell types, while yeast chronological aging is believed to mimic aging of post-mitotic human cell types. Emergent evidence implies that various organelle-organelle and organelle-cytosol communications play essential roles in chronological aging of S. cerevisiae. ...
A novel meiosisspecific protein of fission yeast, Meu13p, promotes
... Hiraoka, 1998), and resolve spatial and topological problems among and within themselves (von Wettstein et al., 1984; Kleckner and Weiner, 1993; Zickler and Kleckner, 1998). In many eukaryotes, pairing culminates in synapsis, wherein homologous chromosomes are physically connected along their entire ...
... Hiraoka, 1998), and resolve spatial and topological problems among and within themselves (von Wettstein et al., 1984; Kleckner and Weiner, 1993; Zickler and Kleckner, 1998). In many eukaryotes, pairing culminates in synapsis, wherein homologous chromosomes are physically connected along their entire ...
A storage form of ribosomes in mouse oocytes
... nections between beads were approx. 1 25 A effect on the lattices, but they were readily in diameter. destroyed by either trypsin or RNase. In all Sometimes the chains existed singly but cases, control preparations were unaffected. they were often interconnected to one another It may therefore be co ...
... nections between beads were approx. 1 25 A effect on the lattices, but they were readily in diameter. destroyed by either trypsin or RNase. In all Sometimes the chains existed singly but cases, control preparations were unaffected. they were often interconnected to one another It may therefore be co ...
Keystone Exam Study Guide
... BIO.B.2.1.2 Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes (i.e., crossing-over, nondisjunction, duplication, translocation, deletion, insertion, and inversion). ...
... BIO.B.2.1.2 Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes (i.e., crossing-over, nondisjunction, duplication, translocation, deletion, insertion, and inversion). ...
The 14-3-3 gene par-5 is required for germline development and
... ß 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.094896 ...
... ß 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.094896 ...
A Comprehensive Mutational Analysis of the
... found in R82Bg-1, we conducted site-directed mutagenesis using R82Ms-0 as template and generated RPW8.2 mutants whose protein products contain one of the T64S, D116G, T161K, E59K, and RRR90-92KKK substitutions. The rationale for the RRR9092KKK mutation is that the LRRR motif in the mammalian potassi ...
... found in R82Bg-1, we conducted site-directed mutagenesis using R82Ms-0 as template and generated RPW8.2 mutants whose protein products contain one of the T64S, D116G, T161K, E59K, and RRR90-92KKK substitutions. The rationale for the RRR9092KKK mutation is that the LRRR motif in the mammalian potassi ...
The paradox of elongation factor 4: highly conserved, yet of no
... motif, referred to as a double-split β-α-β motif, observed in many other RNA-binding proteins and R-proteins responsible for RNA binding [58–61]. Domain III contacts the body region of 30S small ribosomal subunit and domain V contacts helices 43 and 44 of 23S rRNA in the GAC of 50S subunit [62,63]. ...
... motif, referred to as a double-split β-α-β motif, observed in many other RNA-binding proteins and R-proteins responsible for RNA binding [58–61]. Domain III contacts the body region of 30S small ribosomal subunit and domain V contacts helices 43 and 44 of 23S rRNA in the GAC of 50S subunit [62,63]. ...
β-catenin: a key mediator of Wnt signaling Karl
... This region of β-catenin contains a series of serine and threonine residues, which may be phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of these residues is thought to be a signal for the degradation of β-catenin by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway [30•]. Interestingly, several colon carcinoma and melanoma cell l ...
... This region of β-catenin contains a series of serine and threonine residues, which may be phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of these residues is thought to be a signal for the degradation of β-catenin by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway [30•]. Interestingly, several colon carcinoma and melanoma cell l ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms - IMBB
... programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are ingested by phagocytes. Type 2 (or autophagic cell death) is cha ...
... programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are ingested by phagocytes. Type 2 (or autophagic cell death) is cha ...
Dissection of Cell Division Processes in the One Cell Stage
... or very little progeny, precluding analysis of events in one cell stage embryos. Third, for two double-mutant chromosomes, the phenotype was identical to that observed with single-mutant alleles at one of the two loci and may have precluded scoring the phenotype of the mutation at the other locus. F ...
... or very little progeny, precluding analysis of events in one cell stage embryos. Third, for two double-mutant chromosomes, the phenotype was identical to that observed with single-mutant alleles at one of the two loci and may have precluded scoring the phenotype of the mutation at the other locus. F ...
Endosomal transport of septin mRNA and protein indicates local
... In König et al. (EMBO J, 2009) we established the lambda N/boxB RNA live imaging technique for fungi. We showed that the Rrm4 target mRNAs rho3 and ubi1 are shuttling in particles along microtubules. This is dependent on Rrm4 and for the ubi1 mRNA we demonstrated that Rrm4 and ubi1 mRNA co-localize ...
... In König et al. (EMBO J, 2009) we established the lambda N/boxB RNA live imaging technique for fungi. We showed that the Rrm4 target mRNAs rho3 and ubi1 are shuttling in particles along microtubules. This is dependent on Rrm4 and for the ubi1 mRNA we demonstrated that Rrm4 and ubi1 mRNA co-localize ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms
... programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are ingested by phagocytes. Type 2 (or autophagic cell death) is cha ...
... programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are ingested by phagocytes. Type 2 (or autophagic cell death) is cha ...
BCL-6 Negatively Regulates Expression of the NF- p50 Subunit B1 p105/
... IKK-dependent and IKK-independent mechanisms (27–29). It is therefore conceivable that NF-B not only can be activated in response to CSF-1 signaling in macrophages (30, 31), but also plays an important role in regulating CSF-1-mediated cell proliferation. At the onset of this work, we were intrigue ...
... IKK-dependent and IKK-independent mechanisms (27–29). It is therefore conceivable that NF-B not only can be activated in response to CSF-1 signaling in macrophages (30, 31), but also plays an important role in regulating CSF-1-mediated cell proliferation. At the onset of this work, we were intrigue ...
Evidence That Ternary Complex (eIF2-GTP-tRNAi
... preinitiation complex. The resulting untranslated mRNA is dynamically routed to discrete cytoplasmic foci known as stress granules (SGs), a process requiring the related RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR. SGs appear to be in equilibrium with polysomes, but the nature of this relationship is obscur ...
... preinitiation complex. The resulting untranslated mRNA is dynamically routed to discrete cytoplasmic foci known as stress granules (SGs), a process requiring the related RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR. SGs appear to be in equilibrium with polysomes, but the nature of this relationship is obscur ...
Single-choice questions to top
... 31. All of the following bony landmarks are visible on a skeleton when viewed directly from behind (posterior view) ACDE A. medial epicondyle B. greater tubercle C. spiral groove D. lesser tubercle E. olecranon process ...
... 31. All of the following bony landmarks are visible on a skeleton when viewed directly from behind (posterior view) ACDE A. medial epicondyle B. greater tubercle C. spiral groove D. lesser tubercle E. olecranon process ...
Single-choice questions to top
... 31. All of the following bony landmarks are visible on a skeleton when viewed directly from behind (posterior view) ACDE A. medial epicondyle B. greater tubercle C. spiral groove D. lesser tubercle E. olecranon process ...
... 31. All of the following bony landmarks are visible on a skeleton when viewed directly from behind (posterior view) ACDE A. medial epicondyle B. greater tubercle C. spiral groove D. lesser tubercle E. olecranon process ...
The tumor suppressor Scrib interacts with the zyxin
... expressed, did not activate the reporter genes in yeast cells (results not shown). This is similar to what has been found for zyxin's LIM domains [22], but in contrast to what has been found for the three LIM domains of TRIP6 that do activate reporter genes in yeast [22]. However, the bait containin ...
... expressed, did not activate the reporter genes in yeast cells (results not shown). This is similar to what has been found for zyxin's LIM domains [22], but in contrast to what has been found for the three LIM domains of TRIP6 that do activate reporter genes in yeast [22]. However, the bait containin ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.