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Electron microscopy in structural studies of Photosystem II
Electron microscopy in structural studies of Photosystem II

... frozen at temperatures below −100 ◦ C to produce a planes of fractures through the specimen. Fracture planes tend to pass along the central hydrophobic plane of the lipid bilayer to produce two complementary fractured faces. Since the integral protein complexes that span the membrane bilayer are not ...
Cellular uptake of long-chain fatty acids: role of membrane
Cellular uptake of long-chain fatty acids: role of membrane

... observation that oleate bound specifically to liver plasma membranes, Stremmel et al. succeeded in isolating a membrane FABP using affinity chromatography [26, 37]. The protein was a single polypeptide of approximately 43 kDa, with no attached carbohydrate, and an isoelectric point of the order of 9 ...
Sensitizing B Cells for TLR2 Ligands Cell
Sensitizing B Cells for TLR2 Ligands Cell

Nuclear Localization and Interaction with COP1 Are Required for
Nuclear Localization and Interaction with COP1 Are Required for

Capturing protein interactions in the secretory pathway of living cells
Capturing protein interactions in the secretory pathway of living cells

Lysosomal enzymes and inflammation
Lysosomal enzymes and inflammation

... mitochondrial fraction contained completely characteristic particles which possessed all the hydrolytic enzymes of this fraction but held them in a latent condition behind a semi-permeable organelle membrane (see de Duve, 1959; 1969). To these particles de Duve gave the name 'lysosome', i.e. lytic b ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... of immature oocytes from the mouse (A–C), Bovine (D–F), and human (G–I). It should be noted that all images were collected from fixed oocytes and chromatin is labeled with Hoechst dyes that detect only adenosine-thymidine–rich domains of chromatin; where apparent, unstained spherical structures repr ...
Pattern of Mutations that Results in Loss of Reduced Folate Carrier
Pattern of Mutations that Results in Loss of Reduced Folate Carrier

growth of the plant cell wall - Personal.psu.edu
growth of the plant cell wall - Personal.psu.edu

... branches and other modifications in their structure prevent them from forming microfibrils by themselves. Xyloglucan and arabinoxylan are two of the most abundant hemicelluloses. Details of their structure vary slightly among plant species. Xyloglucan has a backbone that is similar to that of cellul ...
Mast cells and dendritic cells form synapses that facilitate antigen
Mast cells and dendritic cells form synapses that facilitate antigen

... three types of MCs: bone marrow–derived MC (BMMC), peritoneal-derived MC (PMC), and the MC/9 cell line (Fig. S2). It is interesting to note that although the MC/9 cell line did not respond to cross-linking with the typical release of granular contents (no measureable β-hexosaminidase release; unpubl ...
Table of Contents - College Test bank
Table of Contents - College Test bank

... 1) Match the following components of HIV with the correct descriptive term: 1. ___ ...
Chapter_01
Chapter_01

... Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex are critical for post-translational modifications that help sort, condense, package, and deliver proteins arriving from the ER. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. ...
Table of Contents
Table of Contents

... 1) Match the following components of HIV with the correct descriptive term: 1. ___ ...
as a PDF
as a PDF

... use the C1 splice but have either N0 or N1, respectively. These two constructs, designated as [HA]-N0 and [HA]-N1 for their different NH2-terminal splices, correspond to [HA]-D-AKAP1a and [HA]-D-AKAP1b, respectively. To make COOH-terminal HA fusion proteins of D-AKAP1, the cDNA encoding the first 14 ...
Multiscale View of Cytoskeletal Mechanoregulation of Cell and
Multiscale View of Cytoskeletal Mechanoregulation of Cell and

... B. Geiger (*) Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel ...
Table of Contents
Table of Contents

... 1) Match the following components of HIV with the correct descriptive term: 1. ___ ...
Computational and genetic evidence that different structural
Computational and genetic evidence that different structural

... involved in cellulose synthesis (CESAs) is important because cellulose is the most abundant component in the plant cell wall, a key renewable biomaterial. Here, we explored the structure and function of the region encompassing transmembrane helices (TMHs) 5 and 6 in CESA using computational and gene ...
Plant–pathogen interactions: what is proteomics telling us?
Plant–pathogen interactions: what is proteomics telling us?

... the defence mechanisms in plants, the recognition and signalling events that occur in plant cells in response to microorganism challenge need to be extremely rapid, reliable and specific, and are part of the strategy evolved by plants to survive attacks. The intracellular sensitive perception of path ...
Characterization of a novel phosphatidylinositol 3
Characterization of a novel phosphatidylinositol 3

Subviral-Particle Biogenesis Hepatitis B Virus Small Surface
Subviral-Particle Biogenesis Hepatitis B Virus Small Surface

The Chemical & Physical Structure of  Merino Wool
The Chemical & Physical Structure of Merino Wool

... together to form proteins by a variety of covalent ...
Lightning-triggered electroporation and electrofusion as possible
Lightning-triggered electroporation and electrofusion as possible

... [19,20], were rare and largely ignored. With extensive DNA sequencing, however, it emerged that a number of genes in eukaryotes are absent from archaeal genomes, yet present in phylogenetically more distant bacteria [21,22], and it also became increasingly clear that the phylogenetic trees charted f ...
Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Current Opinion in Plant Biology
Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Current Opinion in Plant Biology

... intracellular immune receptors) and microbes (pathogen associated molecular patterns [PAMPs] and effectors) have now been revealed [1,2]. Within the context of hostpathogen interactions, „effectors‟ are molecules, typically proteins, secreted by pathogens that manipulate host cell processes for thei ...
Hepatitis C Virus: Molecular Pathways and - e
Hepatitis C Virus: Molecular Pathways and - e

... evidence lead researchers to believe that HCV encoded proteins could no longer be separated by roles because some proteins were found to play a role in both processes [14,15]. With the ability to grow viral cells in cell culture, much of viral assembly and release of viral particles has been reveale ...
M6PRs are found in a subset of PC12 cell ISGs
M6PRs are found in a subset of PC12 cell ISGs

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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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