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The retinal pigment epithelium: a versatile partner in vision
The retinal pigment epithelium: a versatile partner in vision

... ble alternative mechanisms for this reversal in Na,KATPase polarity are discussed. They include unique domains in the primary amino acid sequence of Na,KATPase subunits, cytoskeletal elements and components of the extracellular matrix. The precise mechanism remains unresolved. ...
The Domino Effect
The Domino Effect

... and does not vary in intensity. This reversal of polarity causes the same change in the neighboring area of the membrane, which causes a reversal of polarity further along, and so on. In this way, the impulse propagates along the length of the neuron as a cascade of ionic exchanges. It does not lose ...
08. Paramecium Notes
08. Paramecium Notes

... the contractile vacuole due to its star shape. Color the contractile vacuole dark green. Paramecium are heterotrophs and must consume food. Food enters the paramecium through the mouth pore (color orange) and goes to the gullet (color dark blue). The area of the paramecium appears pinched inward and ...
Gene transcription is coordinated with, but not dependent on, cell
Gene transcription is coordinated with, but not dependent on, cell

... transgenes. clk-1(qm30); itIs38; stIs10116 worms were grown at 20°C for over two generations before embryos were imaged at 20°C. Strains containing the temperature-sensitive alleles div-1(or148), emb16(g19) or emb-29(g52) were grown at 15°C before L4 hermaphrodites were incubated overnight at 25°C a ...
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN PLANT DISEASE
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN PLANT DISEASE

... led to the conclusion that in each of these cases, the dying cells exhibited consistent morphological features during death and that cell deletion played a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations (67, 68). Later, other scientists recognized the existen ...
Document
Document

... and motility. Two subunits of this protein complex are actin-related proteins (ARPs) belonging to the Arp2 and Arp3 subfamilies. The Arp3 subunit localizes to the surface of stationary bacteria and the tails of motile bacteria in tissue culture cells infected with L. monocytogenes; this is consisten ...
Mudskipper gill MR cell ion-transport proteins
Mudskipper gill MR cell ion-transport proteins

... ammonia concentrations. To test whether these Na+/K+-ATPase and a Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter. A branchial MR cells are the sites of active ammonia proportion of the ammonia eliminated by P. schlosseri elimination, we used an immunological approach to involves carbonic anhydrase activity and is not de ...
Designing cell lines for viral vaccine production: where do we stand?
Designing cell lines for viral vaccine production: where do we stand?

Dynamics of interactions of photosensitizers with lipoproteins and
Dynamics of interactions of photosensitizers with lipoproteins and

... overall association constants. The values of Kass for the vesicles are expressed in terms of phospholipids. In order to compare these values to the Kass values obtained with LDL, they should be multiplied by about 800, i.e. the number of phospholipids covering LDL. Data for the interactions between ...
BCH364C-391L_SyntheticBio1_Spring2015
BCH364C-391L_SyntheticBio1_Spring2015

... The Repressilator = engineered genetic circuit designed to make bacteria glow in a oscillatory fashion ...
The Molecular Basis of Self-Avoidance
The Molecular Basis of Self-Avoidance

... arise from the same cell than if they come from a homologue, and not at all if they come from a cell with a different modality,” although other mechanisms involving interactions with skin or underlying tissue were not ruled out. Yau (1976) confirmed their findings and proposed that the branches of a c ...
Understanding Lignification: Challenges Beyond
Understanding Lignification: Challenges Beyond

... recent identification of MYB58 and MYB63, two Arabidopsis transcription activators specific for lignin biosynthesis (Zhou et al., 2009), highlights an alternative approach to discover candidate genes involved in lignifications such as monolignol transporter and oxidase genes. Overexpression of MYB58 ...
Degradation of plant cell wall polymers
Degradation of plant cell wall polymers

Dynamic properties of a reconstituted myelin sheath
Dynamic properties of a reconstituted myelin sheath

... 1. Introduction Biological membranes serve diverse basic functions in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, regulating the exchange of matter, energy and information with the surrounding environment. In a functional sense, proteins obviously play a pertinent role in many of these functions. Yet, their l ...
Penicillin Poster
Penicillin Poster

... Figure 2.-Discovery of the Structure of Penicillin Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkins crystallized and determined the structure of penicillin in the early 1940’s, allowing for penicillin to be easily synthesized for the treatment of bacterial infections ...
Chapter 2 Vocabulary Quiz
Chapter 2 Vocabulary Quiz

... That is NOT the right answer. ...
The TACC proteins: TACC-ling microtubule dynamics and
The TACC proteins: TACC-ling microtubule dynamics and

... [26]. Other TACC family members have also been implicated in various events related to gene regulation, including the regulation of translation, RNA maturation and gene expression (Figure 1, Table 1) [13,25,27–31]. However, to date, no major common role has emerged for TACC proteins in these process ...
Exine dehiscing induces rape microspore polarity
Exine dehiscing induces rape microspore polarity

... seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile plays a relevant role plants, Cd is readily absorbed by roots and translocated into by ensuring primary production, water oxygenation and aerial organs while, in acquatic plants, it is directly taken up Introduction provides niches for some animals, besides co ...
The lysosomal signaling anchor p18/LAMTOR1 controls epidermal
The lysosomal signaling anchor p18/LAMTOR1 controls epidermal

... the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on lysosomes (Sancak et al., 2010; Zoncu et al., 2011a). To respond to amino acid levels, the Ragulator functionally interacts with lysosomal v-ATPase (Zoncu et al., 2011b) and forms a complex with HBXIP and C7orf59 to serve as a GEF for Rag GTPas ...
Select Acetophenones Modulate Flagellar Motility in Chlamydomonas
Select Acetophenones Modulate Flagellar Motility in Chlamydomonas

Ca2+ signalling and control of guard-cell volume in stomatal
Ca2+ signalling and control of guard-cell volume in stomatal

... in the past four years, have yielded some of the most exciting new findings in plant cell signalling. Stomatal movements are achieved through changes in guard-cell volume, which, in turn, are driven by the accumulation (during opening) and loss (during closing) of osmotically active solutes (i.e. KC ...
Animal and Plant Cell Culture: An Introduction
Animal and Plant Cell Culture: An Introduction

... should not know in advance the items on which they will be assessed, and different items should be sampled on each assessment occasion. Any items not sampled in the first assessment, must be included in the alternative (re-sit) assessment. Outcome 3 could be assessed by a single open-book assessment ...
The Cortical Microtubule Array: From Dynamics to
The Cortical Microtubule Array: From Dynamics to

... Cortical microtubules (CMTs) are essential for normal plant morphogenesis because they affect the axes of cell elongation and predict the placement of cell division planes. The function of the CMTs is intimately linked to their organizational state, which is subject to spatial and temporal modificat ...
Autophagic Components Contribute to Hypersensitive Cell Death in
Autophagic Components Contribute to Hypersensitive Cell Death in

... Another, nonapoptotic form of animal PCD involves autophagy (Edinger and Thompson, 2004), an ancient vesicular mechanism for digestion of cell contents in eukaryotes (Mizushima, 2007). A central feature of autophagy is the formation of double membrane vesicles, named autophagosomes, that engulf and ...
Lysosomal Function and Dysfunction
Lysosomal Function and Dysfunction

... With the exception of erythrocytes, lysosomes are found in all eukaryotic cell types. However, not all lysosomes are alike and some have acquired specific functions in given cell types, such as melanosomes and lytic granules, which are modified lysosomes also known as lysosome-related organelles (38 ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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