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Handout
Handout

... Diagram of changes in cytoskeletal organization associated with cell division •  The polarization of the actin cytoskeleton is assisted by the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) located in front of the nucleus. •  When the cell divides, the polarized microtubule array rearranges to form a bipolar ...
Stress-Induced Chloroplast Degradation in
Stress-Induced Chloroplast Degradation in

Whole-cell biocatalysts by design - Microbial Cell Factories
Whole-cell biocatalysts by design - Microbial Cell Factories

Plant Cell
Plant Cell

... The Arabidopsis genome contains At2g25625, a gene homolog to LOC_Os05g49940, whose function remains to be characterized. The public microarray database (Winter et al., 2007) indicated that although At2g25625 expression was barely detectable in young tissues, its expression was greatly induced by abi ...
Biology I
Biology I

... Please note items that have a (*) should be introduced first nine weeks and taught throughout the year.   ...
• Lecture 18: Development of thoracic cavity and diaphragm • Dr
• Lecture 18: Development of thoracic cavity and diaphragm • Dr

... development, the developing diaphragm becomes innervated by the phrenic nerves, which originate from C3, C4, and C5 and pass through the pleuropericardial membranes (this explains the definitive location of the phrenic nerves associated with the fibrous pericardium). ...
paired pleuropericardial membranes and the diaphragm.
paired pleuropericardial membranes and the diaphragm.

... development, the developing diaphragm becomes innervated by the phrenic nerves, which originate from C3, C4, and C5 and pass through the pleuropericardial membranes (this explains the definitive location of the phrenic nerves associated with the fibrous pericardium). ...
Review Convergent Extension - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Review Convergent Extension - Massachusetts Institute of Technology

... extension is only one of a suite of morphogenetic engines at work during early embryonic development. For example, directed migration of the head mesoderm contributes to the elongation of dorsal mesoderm in Xenopus (Winklbauer and Nagel, 1991; Keller and Jansa, 1992). In addition, uniform radial int ...
Engineering and Identifying Supercharged Proteins
Engineering and Identifying Supercharged Proteins

... delivery of mCherry, ubiquitin, and Cre recombinase into multiple cell types using þ36 GFP (Cronican et al., 2010). These three proteins provide separate complementary measures of delivery in cultured mammalian cells. Delivery of mCherry provides a quantitative measure of simple protein uptake into ...
PC7 and the related proteases Furin and Pace4 regulate E
PC7 and the related proteases Furin and Pace4 regulate E

... Morula compaction, normal lineage segregation of inner and outer cells, and the regulation of Cdx2 expression critically depend on the cell–cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin (Stephenson et al., 2012). Until the early eight-cell stage, E-cadherin localizes on all cell surfaces, but thereafter becomes ...
Exam2-2007wAnswers.doc
Exam2-2007wAnswers.doc

... B) Free ribosomes produce proteins that remain in the cytosol while attached ribosomes produce proteins that may be exported from the cell. C) Free ribosomes produce proteins that are exported from the cell while attached ribosomes make proteins for mitochondria and chloroplasts. D) A and C E) A and ...
1 - UvA-DARE - University of Amsterdam
1 - UvA-DARE - University of Amsterdam

... Condorelli paper. Since then a consensus has been reached and the protein is now called GFAPδ (Condorelli et al., 1999; Middeldorp and Hol, 2011; Nielsen et al., 2002; Thomsen et al., 2013). Blechingberg and colleagues studied alternative splicing with a GFAP minigene construct and showed that the e ...
Directional Gravity Sensing in Gravitropism
Directional Gravity Sensing in Gravitropism

... experimental systems using various species have led to several appealing and plausible models (57, 92, 102). The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is thought to be involved in the signal conversion process within the statocyte. Studies on mechanotransduction in animal cells have inspired a model that incor ...
Exploring glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) enzymes
Exploring glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) enzymes

Guard cells in albino leaf patches do not respond to
Guard cells in albino leaf patches do not respond to

... albino plants (Henson 1984). In these albino plants, plastidogenesis is also destroyed and causes decreased transcription numbers of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes (Oelmüller & Mohr 1986; Strand et al. 2003; McCormac & Terry 2004a). In addition, Nf affects the transcription rates of a large numbe ...
Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance
Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance

... bilayer membrane and contains several types of hydrolases that are devoted to the degradation of specific substrates. The lysosomal membrane contains proteins that are involved in the transport of substances into and out of the lumen, acidification of the lyso­somal lumen and fusion of the lysosome ...
Cytoplasmic sequestration of the tumor suppressor p53 by a heat
Cytoplasmic sequestration of the tumor suppressor p53 by a heat

... fractions of all the colorectal carcinoma cell lines while p53 was detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of six of the eight cell lines. Exceptions were the cytoplasmic fractions of p53 wild-type cell line (HCT-8) and the p53 deficient cell line (HCT-116 397.2). p53 was also detected in the nuclear fr ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences

... Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are microaerophilic protists, which have long been considered models of ancient pre-mitochondriate eukaryotes. As transitional eukaryotes, amoebae and giardia appeared to lack organelles of higher eukaryotes and to depend upon energy metabolism appropriate f ...
The recovery and purification of fermentation products
The recovery and purification of fermentation products

Regulation of KNOLLE syntaxin - Journal of Cell Science
Regulation of KNOLLE syntaxin - Journal of Cell Science

... a syntaxin and a SNAP25 protein or two t-SNARE light-chain proteins, interacts with the v-SNARE synaptobrevin on the vesicle membrane (Clague and Herrmann, 2000). There are numerous members of each SNARE protein family in yeast, animals and plants that have been implicated in diverse vesicle traffic ...
University of Groningen Cross-linking of dimeric CitS and GltS
University of Groningen Cross-linking of dimeric CitS and GltS

... and includes the Ion Transporter (IT) superfamily ...
reviews
reviews

... by nanog and GATA6, respectively, requires additional reinforcement by position-dependent mechanisms to manifest cell lineage choices. When cells that are committed to the PE do not reach their appropriate destination at the surface of the ICM, they are forced to undergo apoptosis8. low-density lipo ...
AA139 - Adenium Biotech
AA139 - Adenium Biotech

... No cross resistance with strains with acquired resistance to Colistin Confidential ...
Expression of Cell Adhesion Molecule E
Expression of Cell Adhesion Molecule E

... Extraction of A6 Cells with Triton X-114. Confluent A6 cells were washed three times with 85% PBS + and extracted on ice with 1% Triton X-I14 in solution A supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (1 mM PMSF, 1 mM iodoacetamide, 1 mM benzamidine, 10 ~tg/ml of aprotinin, pepstatin, leupeptin, ...
i ANALYSIS OF THE ENU-3 PROTEIN FAMILY IN NERVOUS
i ANALYSIS OF THE ENU-3 PROTEIN FAMILY IN NERVOUS

... understanding of their roles, as individual subcellular compartment localization was easily identified in these larger cells than the cell bodies of the motor neurons in C. elegans. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the C. elegans nervous system, and the signalling pathways, conserved among vert ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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