Analysis of exocyst subunit EXO70 family reveals
... Plant cells have several polar membrane domains with different composition (Žárský et al., 2009, Łangowski et al., 2010 Łangowski et al., 2016) and additional polarized structures arise during response to pathogens and symbionts (Dormann et al., 2014).One of the key components regulating cell polari ...
... Plant cells have several polar membrane domains with different composition (Žárský et al., 2009, Łangowski et al., 2010 Łangowski et al., 2016) and additional polarized structures arise during response to pathogens and symbionts (Dormann et al., 2014).One of the key components regulating cell polari ...
The Neuronal Endomembrane System
... The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in the packaging and addressing of cell products destined for the cell surface or secretion. Following these steps, the cell products in neurons are usually transported to their final sites within the neuronal processes by fast axonal transport. Direct eviden ...
... The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in the packaging and addressing of cell products destined for the cell surface or secretion. Following these steps, the cell products in neurons are usually transported to their final sites within the neuronal processes by fast axonal transport. Direct eviden ...
The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell
... The ability to sense and integrate diverse environmental signals is essential for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to mount appropriate physiological responses. Cells have the capacity to sense two fundamental signals from their growth environment: the availability of nutrients and conditions o ...
... The ability to sense and integrate diverse environmental signals is essential for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to mount appropriate physiological responses. Cells have the capacity to sense two fundamental signals from their growth environment: the availability of nutrients and conditions o ...
Lateral root initiation is a probabilistic event whose frequency is set
... auxin and the plants’ ability to respond to it are controlled by events that are distributed throughout the plant body. The probability of forming an LR at any given location along the longitudinal axis of the parent root thus resembles the probability of a crowd gathering for an event at a given pl ...
... auxin and the plants’ ability to respond to it are controlled by events that are distributed throughout the plant body. The probability of forming an LR at any given location along the longitudinal axis of the parent root thus resembles the probability of a crowd gathering for an event at a given pl ...
Materials and Methods
... AU/ml) was added to a 100 ml culture of S. aureus at the beginning of the lag and mid-exponential growth phases, respectively. Sterile demineralised water (1 ml) was added to the control flask. Changes in the turbidity of the cultures were recorded at 600 nm, and the number of viable cells (cfu/ml) ...
... AU/ml) was added to a 100 ml culture of S. aureus at the beginning of the lag and mid-exponential growth phases, respectively. Sterile demineralised water (1 ml) was added to the control flask. Changes in the turbidity of the cultures were recorded at 600 nm, and the number of viable cells (cfu/ml) ...
The Role of Auxin in Abscission of Organs and Tissues
... leaf abscission. Leaf abscission is thought to be regulated by the action of auxin and ethylene. In order to test the function of auxin in leaf abscission, an experimental system in Populus was established to induce leaf shedding synchronously under controlled greenhouse conditions. Exogenous auxin ...
... leaf abscission. Leaf abscission is thought to be regulated by the action of auxin and ethylene. In order to test the function of auxin in leaf abscission, an experimental system in Populus was established to induce leaf shedding synchronously under controlled greenhouse conditions. Exogenous auxin ...
Document
... 3. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and then explain how they are related. Whereas anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, physiology is the study of the functioning of body parts. Anatomy and physiology are closely related in that the structure of any body part suits its fun ...
... 3. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and then explain how they are related. Whereas anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, physiology is the study of the functioning of body parts. Anatomy and physiology are closely related in that the structure of any body part suits its fun ...
The Drosophila Sec7 domain guanine nucleotide exchange factor
... Protein trafficking through the secretory pathway plays a key role in epithelial organ development and function. The expansion of tracheal tubes in Drosophila depends on trafficking of coatomer protein complex I (COPI)-coated vesicles between the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). How ...
... Protein trafficking through the secretory pathway plays a key role in epithelial organ development and function. The expansion of tracheal tubes in Drosophila depends on trafficking of coatomer protein complex I (COPI)-coated vesicles between the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). How ...
Induction and Fixation of Polarity -Early Steps in Plant Morphogenesis
... He postulated the existence of two morphogenetic factors, a heavy “root sap” and a light “shoot sap”, which were directed by gravity towards the respective poles, accumulated there and triggered the formation of roots and shoots, respectively (74). In fact, the existence of such morphogenetic factor ...
... He postulated the existence of two morphogenetic factors, a heavy “root sap” and a light “shoot sap”, which were directed by gravity towards the respective poles, accumulated there and triggered the formation of roots and shoots, respectively (74). In fact, the existence of such morphogenetic factor ...
Crustaceans - dsapresents.o
... l Heavy plates have more calcareous deposits joints are soft and thin, allowing flexibility. l Dorsal tergum and ventral sternum are plates on each somite lacking a carapace. l Anterior end is a nonsegmented rostrum and the posterior end is the unsegmented telson. l ...
... l Heavy plates have more calcareous deposits joints are soft and thin, allowing flexibility. l Dorsal tergum and ventral sternum are plates on each somite lacking a carapace. l Anterior end is a nonsegmented rostrum and the posterior end is the unsegmented telson. l ...
Focusing on unpolymerized actin.
... that thymosin/~4 has a much higher affinity (50-fold) for ATP- than for ADP-actin monomers (Carlier et al., 1993). This means that thymosin/34 will selectively bind the actin subunits with bound ATP and will not increase the fraction of ADP-actin present. Interestingly, its relative affinity for ATP ...
... that thymosin/~4 has a much higher affinity (50-fold) for ATP- than for ADP-actin monomers (Carlier et al., 1993). This means that thymosin/34 will selectively bind the actin subunits with bound ATP and will not increase the fraction of ADP-actin present. Interestingly, its relative affinity for ATP ...
Ryanodine receptors: next generation of insecticide targets
... reticulum of muscle cells and neurons. They are the largest ion channels known made up of four monomers, each 565kDa in size. Mammals have 3 different RyR isoforms, encoded by different genes, while insects express only one isoform of the receptor, which is only 46% similar (at the amino acid level) ...
... reticulum of muscle cells and neurons. They are the largest ion channels known made up of four monomers, each 565kDa in size. Mammals have 3 different RyR isoforms, encoded by different genes, while insects express only one isoform of the receptor, which is only 46% similar (at the amino acid level) ...
Auxin transport – shaping the plant
... therefore questionable how much can we gain from grafting concepts that are derived from different experimental systems onto a plant-speci®c situation. Currently, the morphogen concept is also being revised in the animal ®eld. In planar transcytosis models, morphogens such as decapentaplegic (DPP) o ...
... therefore questionable how much can we gain from grafting concepts that are derived from different experimental systems onto a plant-speci®c situation. Currently, the morphogen concept is also being revised in the animal ®eld. In planar transcytosis models, morphogens such as decapentaplegic (DPP) o ...
Lipolysis Exposes Unreactive Endogenous Apolipoprotein E-3
... EDTA, pH 7.4 solution. '251-ApoB-100 in the original, control and lipolyzed '251-VLDL was determined by SDS-PAGE and the lipoproteins were used for cell metabolism studies according to their apo B- 100 content. Apo B-100 mass in the VLDLs was derived from radioactivity counts in apo B and the specif ...
... EDTA, pH 7.4 solution. '251-ApoB-100 in the original, control and lipolyzed '251-VLDL was determined by SDS-PAGE and the lipoproteins were used for cell metabolism studies according to their apo B- 100 content. Apo B-100 mass in the VLDLs was derived from radioactivity counts in apo B and the specif ...
Penetration of human skin by the cercariae of
... penetrate the skin in this model system would have done so by this time (Bartlett et al., 2000). Changes in the initial rate of cercarial attachment with each exposure were investigated by repeating the experiment but allowing the cercariae to remain in contact with the skin only for 5 min. Controls ...
... penetrate the skin in this model system would have done so by this time (Bartlett et al., 2000). Changes in the initial rate of cercarial attachment with each exposure were investigated by repeating the experiment but allowing the cercariae to remain in contact with the skin only for 5 min. Controls ...
Negative regulators of integrin activity - Journal of Cell Science
... to switch activated integrins back into an inactive conformation are likely to be as biologically important as integrin activators for regulating the dynamic nature of integrin function (Fig. 2), they have been studied less than the integrin activating proteins. On the basis of the existing data it ...
... to switch activated integrins back into an inactive conformation are likely to be as biologically important as integrin activators for regulating the dynamic nature of integrin function (Fig. 2), they have been studied less than the integrin activating proteins. On the basis of the existing data it ...
The Populus homeobox gene ARBORKNOX2 regulates
... fibers. However, in the basal internode, ARK2 expression becomes restricted to the cambial zone (Figure 2s,t). The secondary xylem almost certainly contains living parenchyma at this stage (although these cell types are limited in number), suggesting that earlier expression was primarily associated ...
... fibers. However, in the basal internode, ARK2 expression becomes restricted to the cambial zone (Figure 2s,t). The secondary xylem almost certainly contains living parenchyma at this stage (although these cell types are limited in number), suggesting that earlier expression was primarily associated ...
Stimulation Do Not Alter TTP Function Protein Kinase and
... plated at a density of 300,000 cells per well in six-well plates, with RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FCS and 85 ng/ml gentamicin. Each well received the following: 1 g of pGL3 luciferase vector and varying concentrations of the specified pcDNA 3.1 His C-TTP vector, with the difference in DNA tran ...
... plated at a density of 300,000 cells per well in six-well plates, with RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FCS and 85 ng/ml gentamicin. Each well received the following: 1 g of pGL3 luciferase vector and varying concentrations of the specified pcDNA 3.1 His C-TTP vector, with the difference in DNA tran ...
lymph node
... • About three quarters of the lymphatic drainage is to the axillary nodes: (1) Lymphatics pass around the edge of the pectoralis major and reach the pectoral group of axillary nodes; • (2) routes through or between the pectoral muscles may lead directly to the apical nodes of the axilla; • (3) lymph ...
... • About three quarters of the lymphatic drainage is to the axillary nodes: (1) Lymphatics pass around the edge of the pectoralis major and reach the pectoral group of axillary nodes; • (2) routes through or between the pectoral muscles may lead directly to the apical nodes of the axilla; • (3) lymph ...
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... Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates synthesized by various bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage compounds and accumulated as granules in the cytoplasm of cells. PHA producing bacteria from activated sludge and soil were isolated, characterized and screened ...
... Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates synthesized by various bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage compounds and accumulated as granules in the cytoplasm of cells. PHA producing bacteria from activated sludge and soil were isolated, characterized and screened ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... For an ideal exploitation of the growth potential it is essential for plants to have an optimally branched root system. Branching of roots occurs, in contrast to shoot branching, by the endogenous formation of new primordial that grow out of the main root to become secondary or lateral roots. Althou ...
... For an ideal exploitation of the growth potential it is essential for plants to have an optimally branched root system. Branching of roots occurs, in contrast to shoot branching, by the endogenous formation of new primordial that grow out of the main root to become secondary or lateral roots. Althou ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... For an ideal exploitation of the growth potential it is essential for plants to have an optimally branched root system. Branching of roots occurs, in contrast to shoot branching, by the endogenous formation of new primordial that grow out of the main root to become secondary or lateral roots. Althou ...
... For an ideal exploitation of the growth potential it is essential for plants to have an optimally branched root system. Branching of roots occurs, in contrast to shoot branching, by the endogenous formation of new primordial that grow out of the main root to become secondary or lateral roots. Althou ...
Regeneration and Phenotype That Promote Muscle Growth IL
... cytosolic fluorescence and total number of fibers were counted. The extent of muscle injury was expressed as the number of injured fibers relative to the total number of fibers in the muscle cross-section. ...
... cytosolic fluorescence and total number of fibers were counted. The extent of muscle injury was expressed as the number of injured fibers relative to the total number of fibers in the muscle cross-section. ...
Direct Interaction between Survivin and Smac/DIABLO Is Essential
... has been approved for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and lung cancers (25, 30 –32). We incubated HeLa cells with Taxol at a concentration of 100 nM, which is known to induce apoptosis in a number of different cell types. After 24-h incubation, the clear morphological changes characteristic of apo ...
... has been approved for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and lung cancers (25, 30 –32). We incubated HeLa cells with Taxol at a concentration of 100 nM, which is known to induce apoptosis in a number of different cell types. After 24-h incubation, the clear morphological changes characteristic of apo ...
Nitric oxide cell signaling: S-nitrosation of Ras superfamily GTPases
... many cell types including endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, by cytokine stimulation [33,34]. 3. In vivo nitrosative cell signaling One of the best characterized targets of NO is the heme of guanylate cyclase. Nitrosation of guanylate cyclase leads to activation of the second messenger, c ...
... many cell types including endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, by cytokine stimulation [33,34]. 3. In vivo nitrosative cell signaling One of the best characterized targets of NO is the heme of guanylate cyclase. Nitrosation of guanylate cyclase leads to activation of the second messenger, c ...