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Infection of cells by Sindbis virus at low
Infection of cells by Sindbis virus at low

... 30 min or 60 min (infection/penetration). 3. The cells were then washed and incubated at 5 °C in media containing 0.04 mg/ml anti-SVHR whole virus IgG (the same antibody used in Fig. 1) for 60 min (to inactivate virus particles which had not infected the cell or had not undergone any conformational ...
Cell Structure and Functions
Cell Structure and Functions

... The flattened shape of a red blood cell is an example of a. cell mitochondria determining food production. b. complementary cell structure and function. c. lysosomes breaking down dead material and shaping the cell. d. lack oxygen in the cell. ...
Kang, J., A. Volkmann, and D.H. Raulet. 2001. Evidence that gammadelta versus alphabeta T cell fate determination is initiated independently of T cell receptor signaling. J Exp Med 193:689-698.
Kang, J., A. Volkmann, and D.H. Raulet. 2001. Evidence that gammadelta versus alphabeta T cell fate determination is initiated independently of T cell receptor signaling. J Exp Med 193:689-698.

... supernatants from J558 plasmacytoma cells transfected either with IL-7 or stem cell factor (SCF) cDNAs (19). For fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC), 1.5 ⫻ 104 viable, sorted cells were used in a 2-d hanging drop culture to reconstitute fetal day 14 thymic lobe that had been previously depleted of res ...
PDF - International Journal of Biological Sciences
PDF - International Journal of Biological Sciences

... through mechanically mediated signaling pathways. The neutrophils often circulate through the micro-capillaries with a diameter smaller than their own size [7, 8]. They also migrate and penetrate through various tissues such as endothelial and epithelial tissues [9]. These processes involve the dyna ...
Topic 1 Patterns in Nature
Topic 1 Patterns in Nature

... between living organisms. There are more similarities than differences in the overall processes involved, the elements used and the molecules made. Intake of the materials required by all living organisms and the removal of waste products are influenced by the surface areas of membranes through whic ...
An Improved cDNA Library Generation Protocol for Transcriptome
An Improved cDNA Library Generation Protocol for Transcriptome

... A new SMARTer Ultra Low kit has been developed that is simpler and faster while improving the quality and yield of the cDNA produced. The full-length cDNA from this method may be used as a template for library sample preparation for Ion Torrent and Illumina® NGS platforms. Sequencing results for lib ...
The Respiratory System - Cal State LA
The Respiratory System - Cal State LA

... onto land  The first tetrapods on land diverged into three major lineages – Amphibians use small lungs and their body surfaces – Nonbird reptiles have lower metabolic rates and simpler lungs – Birds and mammals have higher metabolic rates and more complex lungs ...
Chapter 13: Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and
Chapter 13: Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and

... A virus is a minuscule, acellular, infectious agent having one or several pieces of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, never both). They have no plasma membrane (some have a membrane like envelope), cytosol, or organelles. They are not capable of metabolic activity on their own, outside of the cell, calle ...
Renal Problems in the Surgical Patient
Renal Problems in the Surgical Patient

... You are helping Dr. Robinette do a nephrectomy on a healthy living kidney transplant donor You ask yourself: what is going to happen to this patient’s kidney function and why? ...
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, ACTION POTENTIAL Some
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, ACTION POTENTIAL Some

... The voltage clamp method is used by electrophysiologists to measure the ion currents across a membrane while holding the membrane voltage at a set level. Neuronal membranes contain many different kinds of ion channels, some of which are voltage gated. The voltage clamp allows the membrane voltage to ...
神经系统 nervous system
神经系统 nervous system

... and spinal cord, and contains the cell body of most neurons. The peripheral nervous system includes 12 pair of cranial nerves, 31 pair of spinal nerves and visceral nerves, which mainly constitute the axon of the sensory neuron and motor neuron. ...
The Small GTPases Rho and Rac Are Required for the
The Small GTPases Rho and Rac Are Required for the

... whether the Rho family of small GTPases is required for cadherin-mediated adhesiveness. Members of the Rho subfamily belong to the Ras GTPase superfamily and provide a link between growth factor signaling and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton (for review see Machesky and Hall, 1996; Zigmond, ...
A Mutation Inhibiting Protoplasmic Incompatibility in
A Mutation Inhibiting Protoplasmic Incompatibility in

... resulted in defects in the formation of protoperithecia (Labarkre & Bernet, 1977). The mutant strain modC(I),for instance, was completely devoid of protoperithecia. To see if this mutant trait exhibited an autonomous expression, we examined the heterokaryotic strain modC++ modC(I), forced by auxotro ...
Immune Escape of Melanoma: First Evidence of Structural
Immune Escape of Melanoma: First Evidence of Structural

... might negatively interfere with these properties. The TAP1⫺ melanoma cell line buf1280 lacks TAP2 protein expression, although TAP2 mRNA was transcribed and no sequence alteration was detected. Because Tap1 gene transfer also restores TAP2 protein expression, it is suggested that wt TAP1 stabilizes ...
relationship-between tissues-of-the
relationship-between tissues-of-the

... exocrine  glands,  which  secrete  their  product  externally.       Epithelial  cells  have  many  functions,  including:  forming  a  protective  barrier  between  the   body  and  the  external  environment,  secretion,  absorption,  filtrat ...
Effect of Butyric Acid on Lung-colonizing Ability
Effect of Butyric Acid on Lung-colonizing Ability

... than 280 HIM DMSO in enhancing the lung-colonizing ability of P-29 cells. Therefore, butyric acid is effective at less than twohundredths the effective concentration of DMSO. The morphol ogies of untreated, DMSO-treated, and butyric acid-treated P29 cells are shown in Fig. 3 a, c, and e, respectivel ...
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM

... cells, but only becomes significant with beads below 100 µ in diameter. (d) A selective retention of damaged cells, which occurs with all columns under all conditions tested . An active adherence column technique has been developed to separate phagocytes from lymphocytes while minimizing selection w ...
unresponsive to cell division control by polypeptide mating hormone
unresponsive to cell division control by polypeptide mating hormone

... control the differentiation of cell type and one gene, stet, that functions exclusively in MA Ta cells to mediate responsiveness to polypeptide hormone . In most eukaryotic cells for which information exists, division is controlled in G 1, before the initiation of DNA synthesis, whether by hormones, ...
Plant Molecular Biology
Plant Molecular Biology

... followed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Treatment of protoplasts with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L -cysteine (NAC) during induction of Bax expression strongly suppressed Bax-mediated ROS production and the cell death phenotype. However, some population of the ROS depleted cells still i ...
Characterization of a von Hippel Lindau Pathway Involved in
Characterization of a von Hippel Lindau Pathway Involved in

... different cell lines were harvested by trypsinization. Cell concentration and viability were determined by trypan blue staining, and 107 cells resuspended in sterile PBS were injected s.c. into both flanks of 6- to 8-week-old CD1 nude (nu/nu) mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Nine t ...
AP Biology - Macomb Intermediate School District
AP Biology - Macomb Intermediate School District

... with other schools to a website at our intermediate school district. This was also done in conjunction with the We Are Here Foundation. The ethics of biotechnology also addresses both environmental and social concerns. As we study genetic engineering, cloning and new biotechnologies, students must r ...
chromosomes
chromosomes

... Concept 9.3: The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system  The frequency of cell division varies with the type of cell  These differences result from regulation at the molecular level  Cancer cells manage to escape the usual controls on the cell cycle ...
Cytoskeletal Elements in Bacteria
Cytoskeletal Elements in Bacteria

... (green and gray) are composed of identical subunits. ...
Evolution and Development
Evolution and Development

... crest cells could go on to form the neurons and glia of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. The evolution of the vertebrates, however, would further require that these migratory neural-tube-derived cells further attained the ability to form skeletal tissues, and this would most likely have bee ...
Effect of Water Stress on Cell Division and Cell
Effect of Water Stress on Cell Division and Cell

... salinity decreases the rate of leaf expansion, whereas root expansion is much less affected (Munns and Sharp, 1993). If the root water potential decreases suddenly, the response of leaf expansion is so rapid and large (Cramer and Bowman, 1991) that it must be due to a change in the rate of expansion ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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