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Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades macrophage defenses by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades macrophage defenses by

... envelope that prevents bacteria from escaping. This process leads to containment and killing of the bacteria and is also associated with rapid priming of antigen-specific T cell responses. In contrast, virulent mycobacteria such as wild-type strains of MTb cause macrophage death by a process that pr ...
PDF
PDF

... conjugates increase in equatorial epithelial cell nuclei just prior to fiber cell differentiation, and localize to differentiating fiber cell nuclei (Shang et al., 1999). Second, zebrafish containing a mutation in the 26S proteasome gene Psmd6 experience abnormal retention of fiber cell nuclei, as w ...
Transverse Viscoelastic Extension in Nitella
Transverse Viscoelastic Extension in Nitella

... Growth rate (% initial length / 24 hours) inhibited only 17% (4). In this study it was shown that in sequential FIG. 5. K+ stimulation of longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) extension treatments with acid pH and Mg2+, neither treatment abolished as a function of the in vivo growth rate. The applied ...
3 Systems working together
3 Systems working together

... Your body systems work together to keep you alive. Each of these systems is made up of organs with specific functions. The structure of these organs and the cells of which they are made make them well suited to their function. An important function of your body systems is to supply your cells with e ...
The transcription factor Th-POK negatively regulates
The transcription factor Th-POK negatively regulates

... I–related antigen presentation molecule. The V␣14i NKT-cell population is best defined in flow cytometry experiments using CD1d tetramers loaded with the glycosphingolipid ␣-galactosyl ceramide (␣GalCer), a potent agonist for their semi-invariant TCR. Similar populations of ␣GalCer-CD1d–reactive T l ...
Proceedings - Schweizerische Akademie der Pharmazeutischen
Proceedings - Schweizerische Akademie der Pharmazeutischen

... Dr. Chantal Csajka, researcher in the field of population PK/ PD modeling at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences GenevaLausanne (EPGL) and the University Hospital Center of the Canton of Vaud (CHUV), presented the approach of population pharmacokinetic modeling, dependent equally on the pharmacoge ...
How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? • Fundamental
How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? • Fundamental

... is given in the periodic table. To translate mass from amu to grams we have to divide the atomic weight in amu by the Avogadro number NA = 6.023 × 1023 atoms/mol The volume of the cell, Vc = a3 (FCC and BCC) a = 2R√2 (FCC); a = 4R/√3 (BCC) where R is the atomic radius Thus, the formula for the densi ...
Aldosterone in Australia and Mineralocorticoids in
Aldosterone in Australia and Mineralocorticoids in

... remember the toad bladder, but most work now focuses on the distal nephron or the distal colon (7,8). In comparison with other steroid and indeed nuclear receptors, progress with the MR has been relatively slow; this is verified by reading the accompanying Showcase on Research articles! An absence o ...
Graphics are used with permission of
Graphics are used with permission of

... • The kidneys will reabsorb and generate bicarbonate to maintain acid/base balance. The kidneys will also excrete excess hydrogen ion in the urine. • Patrick may survive for many years without obvious symptoms of respiratory acidosis, however because he has smoked for so many years, other respirator ...
Pulmonary notes - Sinoe Medical Association
Pulmonary notes - Sinoe Medical Association

... The larynx lies at the level of upper cervical vertebrae, C4-6, and its main structural components are the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, along with the smaller arytenoid cartilages and the epiglottis, which sit over the laryngeal inlet. A series of ligaments and muscles link these structures, whi ...
Positioning and differentiation of veins in the Drosophila wing
Positioning and differentiation of veins in the Drosophila wing

... must rely on the recruitment of competent neighboring cells by intercellular communication (Milan et al., 1996a,b). Very little is known about the relationship between the spatial pattern of cell proliferation and the formation of constant-sized domains of gene expression. However, the observation t ...
Adenovirus Overrides Cellular Checkpoints for Protein Translation
Adenovirus Overrides Cellular Checkpoints for Protein Translation

... 35S-Methionine incorporation in primary quiescent human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) incubated either in complete medium or in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), devoid of all components known to be required for translation (glucose, amino acids, growth factors). Predictably, the absence of g ...
the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum
the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

... Stollewerk et al., 2003; Telford and Thomas, 1998) and are likely to continue to do so. However, Parasteatoda is now the most commonly used chelicerate model for developmental studies, particularly with respect to embryogenesis (McGregor et al., 2008a; Oda and Akiyama-Oda, 2008). This is in part owi ...
Chapter 36- Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 36- Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

... whereas those engaged in passive transport do not. In some cases, transport proteins bind selectively to a solute on one side of the membrane and then change shape, releasing the solute on the opposite side. Other transport proteins provide selective channels across the membrane. For example, membra ...
Myc increases self-renewal in neural progenitor cells through Miz-1
Myc increases self-renewal in neural progenitor cells through Miz-1

... Stem cells ensure the turnover capacity of a tissue throughout the lifespan of an individual. Mammalian neurogenesis takes place mostly during embryonic development and early childhood but some renewing activity is maintained through adulthood (Bhardwaj et al., 2006; Morshead et al., 1998; Suhonen e ...
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PDF

... Stollewerk et al., 2003; Telford and Thomas, 1998) and are likely to continue to do so. However, Parasteatoda is now the most commonly used chelicerate model for developmental studies, particularly with respect to embryogenesis (McGregor et al., 2008a; Oda and Akiyama-Oda, 2008). This is in part owi ...
How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? • Fundamental
How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? • Fundamental

... instance, atoms along the edge of FCC unit cell are more separated than along the face diagonal. This causes anisotropy in the properties of crystals, for instance, the deformation depends on the direction in which a stress is ...
adam.com (http://www.adam.com/) Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
adam.com (http://www.adam.com/) Benjamin/Cummings Publishing

... • Because there is less H+ in the body, the reaction will shift to the right and more H+ and HCO3-will form. • Predict how Jose's body will compensate for metabolic alkalosis. Hypoventilate Hyperventilate • As the equation shifts to the right, CO2 decreases. The respiratory centers in the brain are ...
FEBS Letters
FEBS Letters

... able isoforms that account for this activity, although the membranes used in these studies were isolated from leaves, and the ‘residual’ activity seen in these may not be the same as in roots. Na+/H+ exchange activity has not been reported for plasma membranes isolated from roots of Arabidopsis, alt ...
Franz-Josef Obermair, Aileen Schröter and Michaela Thallmair
Franz-Josef Obermair, Aileen Schröter and Michaela Thallmair

... (39), and rehabilitative care (9, 32–34). Although these treatment options provide some benefits (28, 38, 39), there is a critical need to develop novel approaches that account for the complex pathophysiology of SCI and optimize recovery after SCI. There are several discoveries at the preclinical le ...
The zebrafish midblastula transition - Development
The zebrafish midblastula transition - Development

... to lengthening of the period of interphase. Our methods do not further subdivide the interphase period. The cycles also lose synchrony (Fig. 2B). At first, not all of cells begin to lengthen their cycles simultaneously and lengthening if it occurs at all, varies in extent. Whereas many embryos show ...
Acid/Base Homeostasis - Interactive Physiology
Acid/Base Homeostasis - Interactive Physiology

... • Because there is less H+ in the body, the reaction will shift to the right and more H+ and HCO3-will form. • Predict how Jose's body will compensate for metabolic alkalosis. Hypoventilate Hyperventilate • As the equation shifts to the right, CO2 decreases. The respiratory centers in the brain are ...
A Flow Cytometry Approach to Detect In vivo Chromatin Compaction
A Flow Cytometry Approach to Detect In vivo Chromatin Compaction

... critically important role in plant development. For example, it was reported that seed maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana is characterized by nuclear size reduction and increased chromatin condensation [1]. The heterochromatin condensation is observed during cell differentiation and maturation in hu ...
View PDF - G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics
View PDF - G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics

... sporulation. (A) Flowchart for inducing synchronous sporulation. Diploid pCUP-IME1/pCUP-IME4 (FW1810) cells were grown to exponential phase for 6–7 hr in YPD. Cells were subsequently diluted to YPD medium with 1% glucose and grown for 16–18 hr to an OD600 of 11–12 to obtain mostly unbudded G1 cells. ...
Transcription Factor c-Rel B κ Regulation of the IL-21 Gene by the NF-
Transcription Factor c-Rel B κ Regulation of the IL-21 Gene by the NF-

... and differentiation of the Th cell subsets, Th17 and follicular helper T (TFH) cells. Because of its potent activity in both myeloid and lymphoid cell immune responses, it has been implicated in a number of autoimmune diseases and has also been used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of some ca ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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