Atlantic Salmon Interferon Genes: Cloning, Sequence Analysis
... induced two IFN transcripts in head kidney of Atlantic salmon. Genomic IFN sequences contained four introns and five exons, which is different from the intronless type I IFN genes of birds and mammals. ...
... induced two IFN transcripts in head kidney of Atlantic salmon. Genomic IFN sequences contained four introns and five exons, which is different from the intronless type I IFN genes of birds and mammals. ...
Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated
... linking each MHP to external feeding channels. Individual MHPs have coupling corridors. Thus, a species can move from one patch to another, allowing the bacterial metapopulation to adapt to the different regions of our designed landscapes. The chemostat was conceived by Novick and Szilárd (12) to p ...
... linking each MHP to external feeding channels. Individual MHPs have coupling corridors. Thus, a species can move from one patch to another, allowing the bacterial metapopulation to adapt to the different regions of our designed landscapes. The chemostat was conceived by Novick and Szilárd (12) to p ...
comparison of tgf/bmp superfamily pathways signaled by bmp
... kinase inhibitor P21/Waf1/Cip1 by 160%, whereas it was decreased (30%) by rhBMP -2. It is possible that DBP's inhibition of proliferation may contribute to its effects to promote differentiation. Cbfa1 was highly expressed in target hDFs but was moderately decreased by both DBP (10%) and rhBMP -2 (2 ...
... kinase inhibitor P21/Waf1/Cip1 by 160%, whereas it was decreased (30%) by rhBMP -2. It is possible that DBP's inhibition of proliferation may contribute to its effects to promote differentiation. Cbfa1 was highly expressed in target hDFs but was moderately decreased by both DBP (10%) and rhBMP -2 (2 ...
p-Glycoprotein-Mediated Transport of a Fluorescent Rapamycin
... enzymes, these transporters can be important determinants of drug effectiveness on the one hand and drug toxicity on the other hand. Moreover, because of their wide specificity limits, these transporters also provide a mechanism, competition for transport, by which drugs with very different structur ...
... enzymes, these transporters can be important determinants of drug effectiveness on the one hand and drug toxicity on the other hand. Moreover, because of their wide specificity limits, these transporters also provide a mechanism, competition for transport, by which drugs with very different structur ...
Did trypanosomatid parasites have photosynthetic
... Some molecular phylogenies of plastid-like genes suggest that chloroplasts (the structures responsible for photosynthesis in plants and algae) might have been secondarily lost in trypanosomatid parasites. Chloroplasts are present in some euglenids, which are closely related to trypanosomatids, and i ...
... Some molecular phylogenies of plastid-like genes suggest that chloroplasts (the structures responsible for photosynthesis in plants and algae) might have been secondarily lost in trypanosomatid parasites. Chloroplasts are present in some euglenids, which are closely related to trypanosomatids, and i ...
Target Selection for Saccadic Eye Movements
... selection in rhesus monkeys who were trained to perform a directiondiscrimination task. In this task, the monkey discriminated between opposed directions of visual motion and indicated its judgment by making a saccadic eye movement to one of two visual targets that were spatially aligned with the tw ...
... selection in rhesus monkeys who were trained to perform a directiondiscrimination task. In this task, the monkey discriminated between opposed directions of visual motion and indicated its judgment by making a saccadic eye movement to one of two visual targets that were spatially aligned with the tw ...
... The significance of the science you are about to do is sometimes taken for granted as the protocols have been worked and reworked so that there is a high probability that you will succeed at producing the desired molecular product. The work that you are about to do is based on Nobel Prize winning sc ...
Neurofilaments Help Maintain Normal Morphologies and Support
... are essential for growth cone motility and neurite initiation (for a recent example, see Smith, 1994), whereas microtubules are needed for neuritic extension (Mitchison and Kirschner, 1988) and for transporting essential materials into the growing axon (Allen et al., 1985; Schnapp et al., 198.5). Ne ...
... are essential for growth cone motility and neurite initiation (for a recent example, see Smith, 1994), whereas microtubules are needed for neuritic extension (Mitchison and Kirschner, 1988) and for transporting essential materials into the growing axon (Allen et al., 1985; Schnapp et al., 198.5). Ne ...
copyrighted material - Edinburgh Cell Wall Group
... 1.2 The classic primary cell walls of dicots For many years, rapidly growing and dividing suspension-cultured cells of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) were the paradigm for primary cell wall studies. They do, however, have certain unusual features, e.g. an exaggerated extensin content (∼20% of the dr ...
... 1.2 The classic primary cell walls of dicots For many years, rapidly growing and dividing suspension-cultured cells of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) were the paradigm for primary cell wall studies. They do, however, have certain unusual features, e.g. an exaggerated extensin content (∼20% of the dr ...
Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Current Opinion in Plant Biology
... Structure/function analysis of PexRD2 has shown that this effector adopts a homodimer of WY domains in vitro, and oligomerises in planta [33]. This suggests that oligomerization may provide an additional mechanism for structural and functional diversification of RXLR effectors. This finding raises i ...
... Structure/function analysis of PexRD2 has shown that this effector adopts a homodimer of WY domains in vitro, and oligomerises in planta [33]. This suggests that oligomerization may provide an additional mechanism for structural and functional diversification of RXLR effectors. This finding raises i ...
A Notch feeling of somite segmentation and beyond
... are always generated in a rostral to caudal fashion in vertebrates; second, the number of somite pairs and the time required for each to form is fixed and species-specific; third, segmentation is tightly coupled temporally and spatially to other processes during embryonic morphogenesis such that its ...
... are always generated in a rostral to caudal fashion in vertebrates; second, the number of somite pairs and the time required for each to form is fixed and species-specific; third, segmentation is tightly coupled temporally and spatially to other processes during embryonic morphogenesis such that its ...
Direct detection of ligand–protein interaction using AFM
... (Lodish et al. 2004). Another example of the cell adhesion is a cell migration, which is dependent on the continuous formation and dissociation of specific bonds between the cell adhesion molecules and the cell environment (Carlier et al. 2007; Geiger et al. 2001). All these biological functions of ...
... (Lodish et al. 2004). Another example of the cell adhesion is a cell migration, which is dependent on the continuous formation and dissociation of specific bonds between the cell adhesion molecules and the cell environment (Carlier et al. 2007; Geiger et al. 2001). All these biological functions of ...
Cell regulation by the Apc protein Apc as master regulator of epithelia
... differ significantly in their binding affinities for b-catenin [9]. This difference seems to be achieved in part by the N-terminal flanking regions of the repeats [9]. The 20R with the highest binding affinity to b-catenin (R3, 4 and 5) also contain a typical Tcf-like nine amino acid b-cateninbi ...
... differ significantly in their binding affinities for b-catenin [9]. This difference seems to be achieved in part by the N-terminal flanking regions of the repeats [9]. The 20R with the highest binding affinity to b-catenin (R3, 4 and 5) also contain a typical Tcf-like nine amino acid b-cateninbi ...
Extensive Involvement of Autophagy In Alzheimer`s Disease: An
... Multilamellar bodies, which are autophagic in origin [65], also commonly appeared in some neurites (Fig. 1e, Fig. 2 inset). In regions of neuropil distant from β-amyloid deposits, frequent dystrophic neurites were present next to relatively normal-appearing neurites. While many of the dystrophic neu ...
... Multilamellar bodies, which are autophagic in origin [65], also commonly appeared in some neurites (Fig. 1e, Fig. 2 inset). In regions of neuropil distant from β-amyloid deposits, frequent dystrophic neurites were present next to relatively normal-appearing neurites. While many of the dystrophic neu ...
The `ins` and `outs` of flavonoid transport
... transporters. They use H+/Na+ gradients across membranes as a force to drive waste or toxic compounds out of the cytoplasm. MATE transporters perform conserved and basic transport functions in most prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Pre-vacuolar compartment (PVC): an endocytic multivesicle compartment invo ...
... transporters. They use H+/Na+ gradients across membranes as a force to drive waste or toxic compounds out of the cytoplasm. MATE transporters perform conserved and basic transport functions in most prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Pre-vacuolar compartment (PVC): an endocytic multivesicle compartment invo ...
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit
... of the plasma membrane, thereby shielding them from phosphorylation (12). This notion is consistent with in vitro studies demonstrating that phospholipid binding by the CD3 chains can limit the magnitude of their ITAM phosphorylation (12, 13). Based on these findings, a new mechanism for regulating ...
... of the plasma membrane, thereby shielding them from phosphorylation (12). This notion is consistent with in vitro studies demonstrating that phospholipid binding by the CD3 chains can limit the magnitude of their ITAM phosphorylation (12, 13). Based on these findings, a new mechanism for regulating ...
Effects of phytanic acid on the vitamin E status, lipid composition and
... its incorporation into membrane lipid structures at the expense of other fatty acids. This, in turn, may affect the physicochemical properties of membranes and their associated functions. It has been suggested, for example, that the demyelination that occurs in ARD is a result of myelin destabilizat ...
... its incorporation into membrane lipid structures at the expense of other fatty acids. This, in turn, may affect the physicochemical properties of membranes and their associated functions. It has been suggested, for example, that the demyelination that occurs in ARD is a result of myelin destabilizat ...
Chemical genetics discloses the importance of heme
... enable the isolation of isogenic C. trachomatis mutant strains. These strategies are based on WGS of spontaneous mutant populations and subsequent genotyping of clonal strains isolated from these mutant populations. Experiments with the mutant strains suggest that the uptake of glucose-6-phosphate ( ...
... enable the isolation of isogenic C. trachomatis mutant strains. These strategies are based on WGS of spontaneous mutant populations and subsequent genotyping of clonal strains isolated from these mutant populations. Experiments with the mutant strains suggest that the uptake of glucose-6-phosphate ( ...
Metabolism in Nematode Feeding Sites
... of both root-knot and cyst nematodes was enhanced in multiple INV and SUS mutants. Further analysis showed that the sink character of syncytia was enhanced in INV mutants, which in turn better supported the development of nematodes. The authors therefore concluded that the alteration of INVs and SUS ...
... of both root-knot and cyst nematodes was enhanced in multiple INV and SUS mutants. Further analysis showed that the sink character of syncytia was enhanced in INV mutants, which in turn better supported the development of nematodes. The authors therefore concluded that the alteration of INVs and SUS ...
Full and Partial Agonists of Muscarinic M3 Receptors Reveal Single
... obtained from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma Chemical or Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). ECL Plus reagents, Hyperfilm, and myo-[3H]inositol with PT6-271 (81Ci mmol⫺1) were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). G␣s polyc ...
... obtained from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma Chemical or Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). ECL Plus reagents, Hyperfilm, and myo-[3H]inositol with PT6-271 (81Ci mmol⫺1) were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). G␣s polyc ...
Rapid Movement of Microtubules in Axons
... the movements were often interrupted by prolonged pauses. The bouts of movement often persisted for many tens of micrometers, and the transitions between the moving and pausing states were often abrupt. The movements were also infrequent and bidirectional. On average, we observed one microtubule mov ...
... the movements were often interrupted by prolonged pauses. The bouts of movement often persisted for many tens of micrometers, and the transitions between the moving and pausing states were often abrupt. The movements were also infrequent and bidirectional. On average, we observed one microtubule mov ...
HIV-1 entry in human macrophages - Hal-CEA
... monocytes/macrophages, and the roles of these cells in the control of the infection, the pathogenesis of disease and viral escape from antiretroviral therapy. A considerable number of recent reviews have addressed many of these points (Freedman et al., 2003; Gras et al., 2003; Kedzierska et al., 200 ...
... monocytes/macrophages, and the roles of these cells in the control of the infection, the pathogenesis of disease and viral escape from antiretroviral therapy. A considerable number of recent reviews have addressed many of these points (Freedman et al., 2003; Gras et al., 2003; Kedzierska et al., 200 ...
Notch and the Awesome Power of Genetics
... that smaller and smaller cytological deficiencies, and even mutations that did not result in cytological deficiency, caused discrete cell-fate transformations. Poulson may have been the first Drosophila geneticist forging important connections between genes and embryogenesis at a time when most Drosoph ...
... that smaller and smaller cytological deficiencies, and even mutations that did not result in cytological deficiency, caused discrete cell-fate transformations. Poulson may have been the first Drosophila geneticist forging important connections between genes and embryogenesis at a time when most Drosoph ...