Centrosome Maturation and Mitotic Spindle Assembly in C. elegans
... domains. During mitosis in mutants with reduced levels of SPD-5, microtubules assemble but radiate from condensed chromosomes without forming a spindle, and mitosis fails. SPD-5 is required for the centrosomal localization of ␥-tubulin, XMAP-215, and Aurora A kinase family members, but SPD-5 accumul ...
... domains. During mitosis in mutants with reduced levels of SPD-5, microtubules assemble but radiate from condensed chromosomes without forming a spindle, and mitosis fails. SPD-5 is required for the centrosomal localization of ␥-tubulin, XMAP-215, and Aurora A kinase family members, but SPD-5 accumul ...
10 m
... In this case, anaphase does not begin if any kinetochores remain unattached to spindle microtubules Attachment of all of the kinetochores activates a regulatory complex, which then activates the enzyme separase Separase allows sister chromatids to separate, triggering the onset of anaphase ...
... In this case, anaphase does not begin if any kinetochores remain unattached to spindle microtubules Attachment of all of the kinetochores activates a regulatory complex, which then activates the enzyme separase Separase allows sister chromatids to separate, triggering the onset of anaphase ...
Isolation and Characterization of Conditional-Lethal Mutations in the TUB1 alpha-Tubulin Gene of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
... essential for nuclear movement during cell division and mating. We have isolated 70 conditionallethal mutations in the TUBl a-tubulin gene of the yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae using a plasmid replacement technique. Of the 70 mutations isolated, 67 resulted in cold-sensitivity, one resulted in temper ...
... essential for nuclear movement during cell division and mating. We have isolated 70 conditionallethal mutations in the TUBl a-tubulin gene of the yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae using a plasmid replacement technique. Of the 70 mutations isolated, 67 resulted in cold-sensitivity, one resulted in temper ...
Address for Correspondence : VASaks
... The “trypsin movie” shows the rather dramatic changes induced by short – time treatment of isolated permeabilized cardiomyocytes by low concentration of trypsin. The dynamics of these changes in time is shown by supplementary online video recordings. In isolated permeabilized cardiomyocytes one can ...
... The “trypsin movie” shows the rather dramatic changes induced by short – time treatment of isolated permeabilized cardiomyocytes by low concentration of trypsin. The dynamics of these changes in time is shown by supplementary online video recordings. In isolated permeabilized cardiomyocytes one can ...
synchronous pollen mitosis and the formation of the generative cell
... the microtubules become constricted more and more, focusing towards the remaining apertures (Fig. 23). With the consolidation of the central region the main concentration of microtubules extends marginally, curving to produce the aspect seen in phasecontrast images such as Fig. 6. Ultimately the mar ...
... the microtubules become constricted more and more, focusing towards the remaining apertures (Fig. 23). With the consolidation of the central region the main concentration of microtubules extends marginally, curving to produce the aspect seen in phasecontrast images such as Fig. 6. Ultimately the mar ...
Asymmetric Cell Divisions: Zygotes of Fucoid Algae as a
... Fig. 2 Asymmetric cell divisions are commonly regulated in three steps. a Silvetia compressa eggs are spherical in shape with no obvious asymmetries, and polarization (I) is first manifested morphologically several hours after fertilization when increased secretion on one hemisphere produces a bulge, ...
... Fig. 2 Asymmetric cell divisions are commonly regulated in three steps. a Silvetia compressa eggs are spherical in shape with no obvious asymmetries, and polarization (I) is first manifested morphologically several hours after fertilization when increased secretion on one hemisphere produces a bulge, ...
Dynamic balance between vesicle transport and
... organelle into the budding vesicles (Brodsky, 2012; Kienzle and von Blume, 2014; McNiven and Thompson, 2006; Sochacki et al., 2017), a step needed for completion of the budding process (Ehrlich et al., 2004). The coat proteins have different affinities towards the membrane proteins (reactions 3-5 in ...
... organelle into the budding vesicles (Brodsky, 2012; Kienzle and von Blume, 2014; McNiven and Thompson, 2006; Sochacki et al., 2017), a step needed for completion of the budding process (Ehrlich et al., 2004). The coat proteins have different affinities towards the membrane proteins (reactions 3-5 in ...
spatial control of cell expansion by the plant cytoskeleton
... first recognized in tip-growing cells in which growth and extension of the cell wall is focused at a single site on the cell surface resulting in production of a cylindrical shape (Figure 2a). Thus, much work has been devoted to understanding how F-actin contributes to tip growth. Studies of F-actin ...
... first recognized in tip-growing cells in which growth and extension of the cell wall is focused at a single site on the cell surface resulting in production of a cylindrical shape (Figure 2a). Thus, much work has been devoted to understanding how F-actin contributes to tip growth. Studies of F-actin ...
OsRAN2, essential for mitosis, enhances cold tolerance in rice by
... With global climate change, abnormally low temperatures have affected the world’s rice production. Many genes have been shown to be essential for molecular improvement of rice cold-tolerance traits. However, less is known about the molecular cellular mechanism of their response to cold stress. Here, ...
... With global climate change, abnormally low temperatures have affected the world’s rice production. Many genes have been shown to be essential for molecular improvement of rice cold-tolerance traits. However, less is known about the molecular cellular mechanism of their response to cold stress. Here, ...
The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated
... the moss Physcomitrella patens, MT interdigitation in the phragmoplast depends on the kinesin KINID1, which may function as a motor for vesicle transport in the phragmoplast (Hiwatashi et al., 2008). Recently, KINID1 kinesins have also been shown to play an essential role in organizing MTs during ti ...
... the moss Physcomitrella patens, MT interdigitation in the phragmoplast depends on the kinesin KINID1, which may function as a motor for vesicle transport in the phragmoplast (Hiwatashi et al., 2008). Recently, KINID1 kinesins have also been shown to play an essential role in organizing MTs during ti ...
University of Birmingham Armadillo
... animal importin-a. Ancestral importin-a genes gave rise to the a1 subclass, which is also present in plants, fungi, amoebae and choanoflagellates [117]. Animal importin-a2 and -a3 proteins have acquired unique functions during development and differentiation processes, particularly during gametogene ...
... animal importin-a. Ancestral importin-a genes gave rise to the a1 subclass, which is also present in plants, fungi, amoebae and choanoflagellates [117]. Animal importin-a2 and -a3 proteins have acquired unique functions during development and differentiation processes, particularly during gametogene ...
Motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily
... ficity. These observations, in combination with highly conserved side-chain positioning and chemistry in the active site, imply that kinesins and myosins have evolved from an ancestral motor protein. An evolutionary connection to G-proteins is more tenuous; however, the shared structural, functional ...
... ficity. These observations, in combination with highly conserved side-chain positioning and chemistry in the active site, imply that kinesins and myosins have evolved from an ancestral motor protein. An evolutionary connection to G-proteins is more tenuous; however, the shared structural, functional ...
Microtubule Associated Protein 1b (MAP1B) Is a Marker of the
... The cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells is principally composed of three distinct fiber types: actin-based microfilaments, a heterogeneous group of intermediate filaments, and microtubules (MTs). MTs are long, hollow fibers made of the protein Tubulin. They are essential for cellular structure, ce ...
... The cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells is principally composed of three distinct fiber types: actin-based microfilaments, a heterogeneous group of intermediate filaments, and microtubules (MTs). MTs are long, hollow fibers made of the protein Tubulin. They are essential for cellular structure, ce ...
Taxonomy, biology and physiology of fungi
... regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell by being selective permeable Several antifungal agents interfere with ergosterol synthesis (i.e., amphotericin B) ...
... regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell by being selective permeable Several antifungal agents interfere with ergosterol synthesis (i.e., amphotericin B) ...
Mob4 plays a role in spindle focusing in Drosophila S2 cells
... As reported previously (Goshima and Vale, 2003), S2 cells often show aberrant mitotic spindle phenotypes. Some S2 cells form monopolar spindles that subsequently can be converted to a bipolar spindle by a rescue process in which microtubules become organized to form a second, acentrosomal pole (~10% ...
... As reported previously (Goshima and Vale, 2003), S2 cells often show aberrant mitotic spindle phenotypes. Some S2 cells form monopolar spindles that subsequently can be converted to a bipolar spindle by a rescue process in which microtubules become organized to form a second, acentrosomal pole (~10% ...
KRP3A and KRP3B: Candidate Motors in Spermatid Maturation in
... including structural support of germ cells as well as positioning spermatids within the epithelium. Molecular motors perform important functions in many types of intracellular motility and are specialized to perform tasks ranging from chromosome segregation to vesicle transport (reviewed in [1–3]). ...
... including structural support of germ cells as well as positioning spermatids within the epithelium. Molecular motors perform important functions in many types of intracellular motility and are specialized to perform tasks ranging from chromosome segregation to vesicle transport (reviewed in [1–3]). ...
Rapid movement of axonal neurofilaments interrupted by prolonged
... Axonal cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins are synthesized in the neuronal cell body and transported along axons by slow axonal transport, but attempts to observe this movement directly in living cells have yielded conflicting results. Here we report the direct observation of the axonal transport of ...
... Axonal cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins are synthesized in the neuronal cell body and transported along axons by slow axonal transport, but attempts to observe this movement directly in living cells have yielded conflicting results. Here we report the direct observation of the axonal transport of ...
1 Function of the Arabidopsis kinesin-4, FRA1, requires
... RNA and proteins were isolated from 2-week old seedlings. Total RNA was extracted by the Trizol method and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized with revertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific). Quantitative RT-PCR was performed using the SYBR method with primers listed in Zhu ...
... RNA and proteins were isolated from 2-week old seedlings. Total RNA was extracted by the Trizol method and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized with revertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific). Quantitative RT-PCR was performed using the SYBR method with primers listed in Zhu ...
Midbodies and phragmoplasts: analogous structures
... the remaining non-kinetochore, overlapping MTs form a structure called the spindle midzone (Glossary). At this time, the actomyosin ring begins to assemble and contract. The remnant of the spindle midzone persists as a structure known as the residual body or midbody (Glossary) that has been compress ...
... the remaining non-kinetochore, overlapping MTs form a structure called the spindle midzone (Glossary). At this time, the actomyosin ring begins to assemble and contract. The remnant of the spindle midzone persists as a structure known as the residual body or midbody (Glossary) that has been compress ...
Plasma Membrane Ghosts Form Differently When Produced from
... and were generally larger and more irregular in shape than the type I ghosts (Fig. 3, 4). In the absence of taxol pretreatments, cortical actin occurred in concentric arcs (Fig. 3A) but there were no microtubules (Fig. 3C). Pretreatment with taxol did not result in the modification of the actin patt ...
... and were generally larger and more irregular in shape than the type I ghosts (Fig. 3, 4). In the absence of taxol pretreatments, cortical actin occurred in concentric arcs (Fig. 3A) but there were no microtubules (Fig. 3C). Pretreatment with taxol did not result in the modification of the actin patt ...
Branching of Sensory and Sympathetic Neurites in vitro Is Inhibited
... (Fig. 3, C-J).In taxol, this splayingof microtubules at the neurite tip is lessexpansive (Fig. 3, g, h). Electron micrographsshowing thesefeatures in extracted growth cones have been published previously (Letourneau, 1983; Letoumeau and Ressler, 1984). Another characteristic feature of the distribut ...
... (Fig. 3, C-J).In taxol, this splayingof microtubules at the neurite tip is lessexpansive (Fig. 3, g, h). Electron micrographsshowing thesefeatures in extracted growth cones have been published previously (Letourneau, 1983; Letoumeau and Ressler, 1984). Another characteristic feature of the distribut ...
Microtubules Regulate Dynamic Organization of Vacuoles in
... actin microfilaments, rather than microtubules, and that their maintenance and distribution are actin dependent (Ovecka et al. 2005, Higaki et al. 2006). To investigate vacuolar morphology and its regulatory mechanisms, we have, in this study, established a new visualization system using the moss, Ph ...
... actin microfilaments, rather than microtubules, and that their maintenance and distribution are actin dependent (Ovecka et al. 2005, Higaki et al. 2006). To investigate vacuolar morphology and its regulatory mechanisms, we have, in this study, established a new visualization system using the moss, Ph ...
Cell cycle: Checkpoint proteins and kinetochores
... organisms from which they were isolated. Interestingly, in all three organisms, the checkpoint proteins only localize to the kinetochores of cells in prophase and prometaphase, prior to proper chromosome alignment on the metaphase plate, or of cells that have been treated with nocodazole to depolyme ...
... organisms from which they were isolated. Interestingly, in all three organisms, the checkpoint proteins only localize to the kinetochores of cells in prophase and prometaphase, prior to proper chromosome alignment on the metaphase plate, or of cells that have been treated with nocodazole to depolyme ...
Establishment of Polarity during Organization of the Acentrosomal
... Abbreviations used: MT, microtubule; EB1, end binding 1; GFP, green fluorescent protein; BY-2, bright yellow-2; FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. ...
... Abbreviations used: MT, microtubule; EB1, end binding 1; GFP, green fluorescent protein; BY-2, bright yellow-2; FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. ...
Microtubule
Microtubules (micro- + tube + -ule) are a component of the cytoskeleton, found throughout the cytoplasm. These tubular polymers of tubulin can grow as long as 50 micrometres and are highly dynamic. The outer diameter of a microtubule is about 24 nm while the inner diameter is about 12 nm. They are found in eukaryotic cells and are formed by the polymerization of a dimer of two globular proteins, alpha and beta tubulin.Microtubules are very important in a number of cellular processes. They are involved in maintaining the structure of the cell and, together with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the cytoskeleton. They also make up the internal structure of cilia and flagella.They provide platforms for intracellular transport and are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including the movement of secretory vesicles, organelles, and intracellular macromolecular assemblies (see entries for dynein and kinesin). They are also involved in chromosome separation (mitosis and meiosis), and are the major constituents of mitotic spindles, which are used to pull apart eukaryotic chromosomes.Microtubules are nucleated and organized by microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), such as the centrosome found in the center of many animal cells or the basal bodies found in cilia and flagella, or the spindle pole bodies found in fungi.There are many proteins that bind to microtubules, including the motor proteins kinesin and dynein, severing proteins like katanin, and other proteins important for regulating microtubule dynamics.