APES-Chapter
... • A population has exponential growth when it has few/no resource limitations (J-shaped curve) • Logistic growth- exponential population growth that approaches carrying capacity and levels off (S-shaped curve) ...
... • A population has exponential growth when it has few/no resource limitations (J-shaped curve) • Logistic growth- exponential population growth that approaches carrying capacity and levels off (S-shaped curve) ...
BIOLOGY 201 - MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (BY CHAPTER)
... 9. Octopuses are most closely related to which of the following organisms? A. clams B. jellyfish C. starfish D. earthworms E. crabs 10. There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their A. size. B. habitat. C. method of locomotion. D. the presence or absence of hair. E. met ...
... 9. Octopuses are most closely related to which of the following organisms? A. clams B. jellyfish C. starfish D. earthworms E. crabs 10. There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their A. size. B. habitat. C. method of locomotion. D. the presence or absence of hair. E. met ...
Ecological emergence of thermal clines in body size
... are non-size-selective or selectively target large prey, increased predation selects for earlier maturation at a smaller size in prey (Roff, 1992). Therefore, we predicted that warming-induced body downsizing should reflect an ecological shift in size-selective pressures from both competitors and pr ...
... are non-size-selective or selectively target large prey, increased predation selects for earlier maturation at a smaller size in prey (Roff, 1992). Therefore, we predicted that warming-induced body downsizing should reflect an ecological shift in size-selective pressures from both competitors and pr ...
Investigating factors controlling population size. (WJEC A2)
... increases exponentially after an initial lag phase, until it is checked dramatically, and the population drops to a low number) tend to be limited most strongly by density-independent mortality factors. Organisms that fit this model tend to be short-lived, relatively small in body size and have many ...
... increases exponentially after an initial lag phase, until it is checked dramatically, and the population drops to a low number) tend to be limited most strongly by density-independent mortality factors. Organisms that fit this model tend to be short-lived, relatively small in body size and have many ...
Extinction, Colonization, and Metapopulations: Environmental
... In most of these extinction models, mean birth and death rates w e r e assumed to be equal in the long term, even if stochasticity varied the rates from generation to generation. The models generated a decreasing probability of extinction with increasing population size, so the object of conservatio ...
... In most of these extinction models, mean birth and death rates w e r e assumed to be equal in the long term, even if stochasticity varied the rates from generation to generation. The models generated a decreasing probability of extinction with increasing population size, so the object of conservatio ...
Population Regulation
... population size fluctuates around K because birth and death rates are density-dependent. The logistic model you have seen and used is one (and literally the simplest) model of density-dependence. The growth rate (effective r) decreases as N increases, due to a decrease in the birth rate and/or an in ...
... population size fluctuates around K because birth and death rates are density-dependent. The logistic model you have seen and used is one (and literally the simplest) model of density-dependence. The growth rate (effective r) decreases as N increases, due to a decrease in the birth rate and/or an in ...
Ernest 2005
... BSEDs for all communities were significantly different from uniform (Fig. 1; all P # 0.001). Within energy use peaks, one species often accounted for the majority of energy use, resulting in consistently high values of DE across all nine communities (range: 0.60– 1, average DE 5 0.85; Fig. 2). In co ...
... BSEDs for all communities were significantly different from uniform (Fig. 1; all P # 0.001). Within energy use peaks, one species often accounted for the majority of energy use, resulting in consistently high values of DE across all nine communities (range: 0.60– 1, average DE 5 0.85; Fig. 2). In co ...
Criticality and unpredictability in macroevolution
... abiotic causes. But other intrinsic phenomena can play a very important role, as the existence of unavoidable higher-order interactions ~i.e., trophic relations involving several levels! which make network ecosystems highly unpredictable on large time scales. Though direct two-species interactions c ...
... abiotic causes. But other intrinsic phenomena can play a very important role, as the existence of unavoidable higher-order interactions ~i.e., trophic relations involving several levels! which make network ecosystems highly unpredictable on large time scales. Though direct two-species interactions c ...
Island Biogeography - University of Windsor
... • Direct habitat destruction associated with cutting or burning of forests for agriculture, construction, and wood extraction. All Polynesian islands were largely or completely forested prior to man's arrival; many of these islands have only small remnants, if any, left of this original vegetation. ...
... • Direct habitat destruction associated with cutting or burning of forests for agriculture, construction, and wood extraction. All Polynesian islands were largely or completely forested prior to man's arrival; many of these islands have only small remnants, if any, left of this original vegetation. ...
What size were Arctodus simus and Ursus spelaeus (Carnivora
... correlation with body mass (Christiansen 1999a). Thus, I decided to predict masses of the two extinct ursids by using a combination of features, such as bone length, circumference and geometric properties of the distal epiphysis of the two proximal long bones. Bone lengths are given as the greatest ...
... correlation with body mass (Christiansen 1999a). Thus, I decided to predict masses of the two extinct ursids by using a combination of features, such as bone length, circumference and geometric properties of the distal epiphysis of the two proximal long bones. Bone lengths are given as the greatest ...
Geographical Ecology
... At each location, once the brown tree snake had reached the area the number of forest birds declined. There are now only 3 species left: 50 starlings at one site, 200-300 swiftlets at one site, and 20 crows at a third site. Boiga won’t starve like a predator that has driven its prey extinct. Humanki ...
... At each location, once the brown tree snake had reached the area the number of forest birds declined. There are now only 3 species left: 50 starlings at one site, 200-300 swiftlets at one site, and 20 crows at a third site. Boiga won’t starve like a predator that has driven its prey extinct. Humanki ...
An allometric approach to quantify the extinction vulnerability of
... birds and mammals. Irrespective of the indicator used, large-bodied species were found to be more vulnerable to extinction than their smaller counterparts. The patterns with body size were confirmed for all species groups by a comparison with IUCN data on the proportion of extant threatened species ...
... birds and mammals. Irrespective of the indicator used, large-bodied species were found to be more vulnerable to extinction than their smaller counterparts. The patterns with body size were confirmed for all species groups by a comparison with IUCN data on the proportion of extant threatened species ...
Size-structured aquatic systems M2 EBE 2014
... Wide range of possible values - mean log-ratio 1.8 - 1.9 (2 orders of magnitude) - Wider range in marine systems - ratios either < or > 1 (modular organisms such as cnidaria: what is true mean individual biomass?) From Woodward & Warren (2007) ...
... Wide range of possible values - mean log-ratio 1.8 - 1.9 (2 orders of magnitude) - Wider range in marine systems - ratios either < or > 1 (modular organisms such as cnidaria: what is true mean individual biomass?) From Woodward & Warren (2007) ...
The paradox of energy equivalence
... Energy equivalence, the notion that population energy flux is independent of body mass, has become a key concept in ecology. We argue that energy equivalence is not an ecological ‘rule’, as claimed, but a flawed concept beset by circular reasoning. In fact, the independence of mass and energy flux i ...
... Energy equivalence, the notion that population energy flux is independent of body mass, has become a key concept in ecology. We argue that energy equivalence is not an ecological ‘rule’, as claimed, but a flawed concept beset by circular reasoning. In fact, the independence of mass and energy flux i ...
The “bottom up” view of Ecosystem production The
... Reasons why we might not ‘see’ top down cascades in terrestrial ecosystems • Plants have complex tissues and anti-herbivore compounds • Terrestrial may have more complex and more detritus based food webs, less direct grazing. • Many terrestrial apex predators have been hunted to near or local extin ...
... Reasons why we might not ‘see’ top down cascades in terrestrial ecosystems • Plants have complex tissues and anti-herbivore compounds • Terrestrial may have more complex and more detritus based food webs, less direct grazing. • Many terrestrial apex predators have been hunted to near or local extin ...
populations - University of Warwick
... range of starting densities and brings them to a much narrower range of final densities. ...
... range of starting densities and brings them to a much narrower range of final densities. ...
Notes - Bruce Owen
... − straight trunks, twiggy branches, needles − difficult to move from one tree to the next, few arboreal animals − this was the environment in which the dinosaurs first evolved, diversified, and became the most prevalent kind of animal − mammals also first appeared in this kind of environment, but th ...
... − straight trunks, twiggy branches, needles − difficult to move from one tree to the next, few arboreal animals − this was the environment in which the dinosaurs first evolved, diversified, and became the most prevalent kind of animal − mammals also first appeared in this kind of environment, but th ...
C. Growth rate
... living world. B. Species diversity-the # of different species in the world; increases moving towards equator ...
... living world. B. Species diversity-the # of different species in the world; increases moving towards equator ...
Mass Extinctions Increase Evenness of Genus Diversity Across
... The Simpson index looks at an aspect of evenness by measuring the probability that two genera randomly selected at a point in time belong to different modes. While it follows the same trend as the Shannon index, the peaks and valleys in evenness are more pronounced. During mass extinctions, there is ...
... The Simpson index looks at an aspect of evenness by measuring the probability that two genera randomly selected at a point in time belong to different modes. While it follows the same trend as the Shannon index, the peaks and valleys in evenness are more pronounced. During mass extinctions, there is ...
Chapter 11 Were Dinosaurs Cold- or Warm
... In this exercise you will infer the mode of thermal regulation of dinosaurs (i.e., were they coldor warm-blooded?) by comparing the relative brain size of dinosaurs to that of modern vertebrates. In the past 20 years, several lines of evidence have been introduced that suggest that dinosaurs were wa ...
... In this exercise you will infer the mode of thermal regulation of dinosaurs (i.e., were they coldor warm-blooded?) by comparing the relative brain size of dinosaurs to that of modern vertebrates. In the past 20 years, several lines of evidence have been introduced that suggest that dinosaurs were wa ...
The prehistoric extinction of South Pacific birds
... and parrots) and species (especially flightless rails) of birds have become extinct on tropical Pacific islands during the past several millennia of human presence (Steadman 1993, 1995a). At the species level, this is the largest single extinction event ever detected for vertebrates. The exact timin ...
... and parrots) and species (especially flightless rails) of birds have become extinct on tropical Pacific islands during the past several millennia of human presence (Steadman 1993, 1995a). At the species level, this is the largest single extinction event ever detected for vertebrates. The exact timin ...
Section_2_Studying_Populations
... would drive other species to extinction through competition. • Without prey, there would be no predators ...
... would drive other species to extinction through competition. • Without prey, there would be no predators ...
Stochastic colonization and extinction of microbial
... • Lifespan: days to weeks (Alldredge and Silver 1988, Kiorboe 2001) – Carry material out of water column www-modeling.marsci.uga.edu ...
... • Lifespan: days to weeks (Alldredge and Silver 1988, Kiorboe 2001) – Carry material out of water column www-modeling.marsci.uga.edu ...
Recovery After Mass Extinction: Evolutionary assembly in large
... Despite the variety of causes of mass extinctions they all share a common trait: they reflect perturbations which stress ecosystems beyond their resilience. Ecosystems reflect long-term assembly processes in which individual species come and go, but eventually a functional whole emerges. The final s ...
... Despite the variety of causes of mass extinctions they all share a common trait: they reflect perturbations which stress ecosystems beyond their resilience. Ecosystems reflect long-term assembly processes in which individual species come and go, but eventually a functional whole emerges. The final s ...
Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.