5 Agents of Evolutionary Change
... • If new genes are brought in, it can create new genetic variation • Can make populations more similar to each other • Example: If all red haired people left Scotland, the next generation would likely have very few people with this trait. The Scottish population would have evolved as would the popul ...
... • If new genes are brought in, it can create new genetic variation • Can make populations more similar to each other • Example: If all red haired people left Scotland, the next generation would likely have very few people with this trait. The Scottish population would have evolved as would the popul ...
Variation – Chapter 9
... • Allele – form of a gene, distinguished by effect on phenotype • Haplotype – form of a gene, distinguished by DNA sequence • Gene copy – number of copies of a given gene, used without distinguishing allele or sequence differences – Allele copies Variation in phenotype can be due to genes AND enviro ...
... • Allele – form of a gene, distinguished by effect on phenotype • Haplotype – form of a gene, distinguished by DNA sequence • Gene copy – number of copies of a given gene, used without distinguishing allele or sequence differences – Allele copies Variation in phenotype can be due to genes AND enviro ...
NON-RANDOM MATING AND INBREEDING -1
... Nonrandom mating: Mating individuals are more closely related or less closely related than those drawn by chance from a random mating population (Hedrick, 2005, p. 238). Inbreeding: Consanguineous mating or mating between relatives (e.g., sibs, cousins, etc.). Affects all gene loci simultaneously. O ...
... Nonrandom mating: Mating individuals are more closely related or less closely related than those drawn by chance from a random mating population (Hedrick, 2005, p. 238). Inbreeding: Consanguineous mating or mating between relatives (e.g., sibs, cousins, etc.). Affects all gene loci simultaneously. O ...
Selective breeding, inbreeding and hybridization
... 1.Their will not be any difference between the children and parents and grandparents. Ex. If some one would want to only have purebreds then they would only mate with other purebreds so their children won’t be different. 2.If you there is only one type of dog because of inbreeding then some one woul ...
... 1.Their will not be any difference between the children and parents and grandparents. Ex. If some one would want to only have purebreds then they would only mate with other purebreds so their children won’t be different. 2.If you there is only one type of dog because of inbreeding then some one woul ...
Presentation
... heterozygous, they don’t show symptoms. 3. Treat this as dominant/recessive when working Punnett square problems. ...
... heterozygous, they don’t show symptoms. 3. Treat this as dominant/recessive when working Punnett square problems. ...
Sexual Selection
... • Female choice can dictate rules of male competition and shape male behavior • Selects for traits in males that appeal to females, and relate to their “vigor” • Male hangingflies offer nuptial gifts (better chances with a large gift!) • Some controversy as to why females are choosy, e.g handicap th ...
... • Female choice can dictate rules of male competition and shape male behavior • Selects for traits in males that appeal to females, and relate to their “vigor” • Male hangingflies offer nuptial gifts (better chances with a large gift!) • Some controversy as to why females are choosy, e.g handicap th ...
File
... • They improve their accuracy with age. They learn how to give the right call by observing other members of the group and receiving social confirmation. ...
... • They improve their accuracy with age. They learn how to give the right call by observing other members of the group and receiving social confirmation. ...
13-1 Changing the Living World
... hardier than either parent (hybrid vigor) disease resistant mule, lyger, etc. ...
... hardier than either parent (hybrid vigor) disease resistant mule, lyger, etc. ...
Slide 1
... similar traits to occupy similar niches; flightless birds, marsupial analogues to mammals ...
... similar traits to occupy similar niches; flightless birds, marsupial analogues to mammals ...
Project 13 : A Biological-inspired Dynamic Inbreeding Depression
... pool which minimize times spent evaluating poor choices, which in turn improves optimization performance. However, these previous works only focus on static optimization population instead of Differential Evolution (DE) which is dynamically selected population. We hypothesize that evolutionary optim ...
... pool which minimize times spent evaluating poor choices, which in turn improves optimization performance. However, these previous works only focus on static optimization population instead of Differential Evolution (DE) which is dynamically selected population. We hypothesize that evolutionary optim ...
Livestock Breeding System Vocab
... mating of related individuals in which the sire and dam share at least one ancestor ...
... mating of related individuals in which the sire and dam share at least one ancestor ...
Evolution and Classification Review
... • Darwin’s visit to these islands, the differences in the animals, and his observations that habitat can affect the adaptations of organisms. ...
... • Darwin’s visit to these islands, the differences in the animals, and his observations that habitat can affect the adaptations of organisms. ...
Shaelynn Sleater-Squires La Kretz Graduate Grant 2014-2015
... damaging as it often partitions suitable habitat into deficient remnants. The resulting patchy network of natural spaces spawns small wildlife populations, which are prone to loss of genetic diversity due to drift and inbreeding risk, thus putting their long-term viability in jeopardy. Mammalian car ...
... damaging as it often partitions suitable habitat into deficient remnants. The resulting patchy network of natural spaces spawns small wildlife populations, which are prone to loss of genetic diversity due to drift and inbreeding risk, thus putting their long-term viability in jeopardy. Mammalian car ...
ppt - Courses
... • Will not change the overall allele frequencies; will change _______________ frequencies ...
... • Will not change the overall allele frequencies; will change _______________ frequencies ...
issue highlights
... Inbreeding depression, the reduced fitness among offspring of related parents, has traditionally been studied in pedigrees. The use of SNP data to estimate inbreeding arising from distant common ancestors in “outbred” human populations is a promising approach, but it is unclear which estimate of inb ...
... Inbreeding depression, the reduced fitness among offspring of related parents, has traditionally been studied in pedigrees. The use of SNP data to estimate inbreeding arising from distant common ancestors in “outbred” human populations is a promising approach, but it is unclear which estimate of inb ...
Biology 164 Laboratory Inbreeding Depression and the Evolutionary
... with respect to incest. Plant and animal breeders have also known for centuries of the superior vigor and yield associated with out-breeding compared to inbreeding. The importance of inbreeding depression was first established in scientific terms by none other than Charles Darwin in his 1876 book, T ...
... with respect to incest. Plant and animal breeders have also known for centuries of the superior vigor and yield associated with out-breeding compared to inbreeding. The importance of inbreeding depression was first established in scientific terms by none other than Charles Darwin in his 1876 book, T ...
SEXUAL SELECTION
... Kin selection: In the mid- to late-1900s, W.D. Hamilton and others developed theories of kin selection. These evolutionary biologists recognized that: (a) the results of natural selection are best understood by focusing on individual genes (alleles) as the units that are being selected, and (b) the ...
... Kin selection: In the mid- to late-1900s, W.D. Hamilton and others developed theories of kin selection. These evolutionary biologists recognized that: (a) the results of natural selection are best understood by focusing on individual genes (alleles) as the units that are being selected, and (b) the ...
Evolution and Classification Review
... • Darwin’s visit to these islands, the differences in the animals, and his observations that habitat can affect the adaptations of organisms. ...
... • Darwin’s visit to these islands, the differences in the animals, and his observations that habitat can affect the adaptations of organisms. ...
Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change – “Microevolutionary Processes”
... Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change – “Microevolutionary Processes” (1) Mutation: Ultimate natural resource of evolution, occurs at the molecular level in DNA. (2) Natural Selection: A difference, on average, between the survival or fecundity of individuals with certain arrays of phenotypes as compare ...
... Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change – “Microevolutionary Processes” (1) Mutation: Ultimate natural resource of evolution, occurs at the molecular level in DNA. (2) Natural Selection: A difference, on average, between the survival or fecundity of individuals with certain arrays of phenotypes as compare ...
changes the natural gene flow
... • However, inbreeding has its risks. With an increased chance of gaining favorable recessive traits, you also increase your chance of non-favorable traits. • Remember, when a dominant and a recessive trait cross, you only see the dominant… But crossing the offspring of that organism, you have a 1 in ...
... • However, inbreeding has its risks. With an increased chance of gaining favorable recessive traits, you also increase your chance of non-favorable traits. • Remember, when a dominant and a recessive trait cross, you only see the dominant… But crossing the offspring of that organism, you have a 1 in ...
ch12kinquizkey
... • B) exists only in social species that consist of close genetic kin • C) can be explained by shared genes and/or reciprocal interactions over time ...
... • B) exists only in social species that consist of close genetic kin • C) can be explained by shared genes and/or reciprocal interactions over time ...
Nov8 - Salamander Genome Project
... associated with heterozygosity (Avise p. 487). 2) However, non-genetic aspects should also be considered in the formulation of species management plans. For example, a species may be endangered because mating and social behaviors are severely affected. Also, random changes in population size may be ...
... associated with heterozygosity (Avise p. 487). 2) However, non-genetic aspects should also be considered in the formulation of species management plans. For example, a species may be endangered because mating and social behaviors are severely affected. Also, random changes in population size may be ...
third and last of Chapter 17, Molecular Evolution and Population
... = bottleneck. • This results in a loss of alleles. • Elephant seals – dropped to 20 animals, now up to 30,000. Now there is no variation at 24 enzyme loci. • Founder effect – new area of colonization. ...
... = bottleneck. • This results in a loss of alleles. • Elephant seals – dropped to 20 animals, now up to 30,000. Now there is no variation at 24 enzyme loci. • Founder effect – new area of colonization. ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.