Female
... • 2. Possibile genetic resistance to disease and parasites. • 3. Efficient location of food resources • 4. Increases the reproductive fitness of group members. ...
... • 2. Possibile genetic resistance to disease and parasites. • 3. Efficient location of food resources • 4. Increases the reproductive fitness of group members. ...
Lecture 10
... -Inbreeding: Populations that have a high frequency of closely related individuals can suffer from inbreeding. In inbred populations, deleterious alleles can be exposed in homozygous individuals, which may reduce fitness. The importance of inbreeding varies with species. Potential Genetic Conse ...
... -Inbreeding: Populations that have a high frequency of closely related individuals can suffer from inbreeding. In inbred populations, deleterious alleles can be exposed in homozygous individuals, which may reduce fitness. The importance of inbreeding varies with species. Potential Genetic Conse ...
Diapositiva 1
... In population genetics, Sewall Wright's coefficient of relationship or coefficient of relatedness or relatedness or r is a measure for the level of consanguinity between two given individuals. The coefficient of inbreeding is calculated for a single individual, and is a measure for the amount of ...
... In population genetics, Sewall Wright's coefficient of relationship or coefficient of relatedness or relatedness or r is a measure for the level of consanguinity between two given individuals. The coefficient of inbreeding is calculated for a single individual, and is a measure for the amount of ...
8. Conservation genetics
... • Loss of heterozygosity and F – Estimate of inbreeding coefficient for a population can be obtained from the loss of genetic diversity over time: Ht /H0 = (1- ½ Ne)t (1-F0)= 1 – F F = 1-(1- ½ Ne)t (1-F0) Where t = number of generations and F0 = initial inbreeding Or simplified, when heterozygosity ...
... • Loss of heterozygosity and F – Estimate of inbreeding coefficient for a population can be obtained from the loss of genetic diversity over time: Ht /H0 = (1- ½ Ne)t (1-F0)= 1 – F F = 1-(1- ½ Ne)t (1-F0) Where t = number of generations and F0 = initial inbreeding Or simplified, when heterozygosity ...
Evolution & Speciation
... colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population ...
... colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population ...
Zoology/Botany 345 Fall 1995
... 2. What evidence suggests that there were two population bottlenecks in the cheetah? Do the data offer strong support for this hypothesis? 3. What is inbreeding depression? (see p 242-245 of text) 4. What data indicate that the cheetah is currently subject to severe inbreeding depression? 5. What do ...
... 2. What evidence suggests that there were two population bottlenecks in the cheetah? Do the data offer strong support for this hypothesis? 3. What is inbreeding depression? (see p 242-245 of text) 4. What data indicate that the cheetah is currently subject to severe inbreeding depression? 5. What do ...
postdoc kelp selection GENIALG Roscoff
... Generally, seaweed populations are characterized by large level of genetic differentiation suggesting that populations are adapted to their local environment. In this context, parents that are too similar genetically may suffer from reduced crossing compatibility due to inbreeding depression, wherea ...
... Generally, seaweed populations are characterized by large level of genetic differentiation suggesting that populations are adapted to their local environment. In this context, parents that are too similar genetically may suffer from reduced crossing compatibility due to inbreeding depression, wherea ...
On current utility and adaptive significance - synergy
... sex in anisogamous species [2]. These effects are also relevant to the closely related question of avoidance of self-fertilization and other forms of inbreeding. Szulkin et al. consider three factors: decreased offspring fitness due to inbreeding depression, increased relatedness of inbred offspring ...
... sex in anisogamous species [2]. These effects are also relevant to the closely related question of avoidance of self-fertilization and other forms of inbreeding. Szulkin et al. consider three factors: decreased offspring fitness due to inbreeding depression, increased relatedness of inbred offspring ...
2013_Cryan_Sexual_Selection copy
... killed by new males Infanticide amount to about 10% of lion mortality Females abort fetuses when new males take over pride Humans: When an unrelated stepfather lives with a family including children under the age of 2, infanticide is 70× more likely to occur (Hrdy, S.B. 1999. Mother nature: a his ...
... killed by new males Infanticide amount to about 10% of lion mortality Females abort fetuses when new males take over pride Humans: When an unrelated stepfather lives with a family including children under the age of 2, infanticide is 70× more likely to occur (Hrdy, S.B. 1999. Mother nature: a his ...
Genetic Diversity
... Chapter 2 -- Genetics & Extinction Main Point -- Inbreeding & loss of genetic diversity are inevitable in small populations. These factors reduce reproduction & survival in the short-term and diminish capacity of population to evolve in response to environmental change in ...
... Chapter 2 -- Genetics & Extinction Main Point -- Inbreeding & loss of genetic diversity are inevitable in small populations. These factors reduce reproduction & survival in the short-term and diminish capacity of population to evolve in response to environmental change in ...
Questions for Journal Article #1
... The following example answers are only models. In many cases, there are many good answers to these questions. 1. Briefly define each of the following terms. evolutionary fitness The relative capacity of an organism to pass it’s alleles to the next generation through natural selection. gravid A f ...
... The following example answers are only models. In many cases, there are many good answers to these questions. 1. Briefly define each of the following terms. evolutionary fitness The relative capacity of an organism to pass it’s alleles to the next generation through natural selection. gravid A f ...
M2_Inbreeding - Crop and Soil Science
... • E is inbred but this does not contribute to FJ • No individual can appear twice in the same path • Path must represent potential for gene transmission (BCA is not valid, for example) ...
... • E is inbred but this does not contribute to FJ • No individual can appear twice in the same path • Path must represent potential for gene transmission (BCA is not valid, for example) ...
Ch 15 Genetic Engineering
... picked due to certain traits People have done this for a long time with many species Native Americans selectively bred teosinte to produce corn. ...
... picked due to certain traits People have done this for a long time with many species Native Americans selectively bred teosinte to produce corn. ...
15.1_Selective_Breeding
... picked due to certain traits People have done this for a long time with many species Native Americans selectively bred teosinte to produce corn. ...
... picked due to certain traits People have done this for a long time with many species Native Americans selectively bred teosinte to produce corn. ...
handout
... In a randomly mating ideal population, the average inbreeding coefficient in the population at generation t (Ft) is given by the equation below ...
... In a randomly mating ideal population, the average inbreeding coefficient in the population at generation t (Ft) is given by the equation below ...
Natural selection Differential survival or reproduction of individuals
... selection; pressures that affect an individual’s success in mating Splitting of one species into two or more different species members of a species are isolated from one another due to a ...
... selection; pressures that affect an individual’s success in mating Splitting of one species into two or more different species members of a species are isolated from one another due to a ...
Document
... homozygotes. Inbreeding decreases the frequency of heterozygotes, increases the frequency of homozygotes, so fitness is reduced. ...
... homozygotes. Inbreeding decreases the frequency of heterozygotes, increases the frequency of homozygotes, so fitness is reduced. ...
second of Chapter 17, Molecular Evolution and Population Genetics
... Each population consisted of 8 males and 8 females. The predicted and experimental results are similar except that the actual results show quite a bit more scatter. ...
... Each population consisted of 8 males and 8 females. The predicted and experimental results are similar except that the actual results show quite a bit more scatter. ...
Disease Resistance Procedure
... Complete the four generations of simulated tiger breeding, selecting tigers for the maximum disease resistance but least relatedness based on distemper resistance alleles and the relationship scale. Students would probably breed tigers that were the least related but most resistant. The Punnett Squa ...
... Complete the four generations of simulated tiger breeding, selecting tigers for the maximum disease resistance but least relatedness based on distemper resistance alleles and the relationship scale. Students would probably breed tigers that were the least related but most resistant. The Punnett Squa ...
Biology Notes Evolution
... o Closely related individuals have same allele- therefore a reduced gene pool Less variation and lack of evolution Can result in defects- smaller/ weak immunity/ high mortality rate/ physical abnormalities/ recessive genetic disease/ decrease in heterozygous genes/ fail to reproduce- line dies o ...
... o Closely related individuals have same allele- therefore a reduced gene pool Less variation and lack of evolution Can result in defects- smaller/ weak immunity/ high mortality rate/ physical abnormalities/ recessive genetic disease/ decrease in heterozygous genes/ fail to reproduce- line dies o ...
Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression
... So harmful alleles are unlikely to be expressed, as long as mating is random. Suppose a harmful recessive has q = 0.01. Odds of getting a homozygote, with random mating, are q2 = 0.0001. One in ten thousand. But within families, if one individual has a single copy of the harmful allele (a "carrier" ...
... So harmful alleles are unlikely to be expressed, as long as mating is random. Suppose a harmful recessive has q = 0.01. Odds of getting a homozygote, with random mating, are q2 = 0.0001. One in ten thousand. But within families, if one individual has a single copy of the harmful allele (a "carrier" ...
ppt
... calculations u Standard errors u Hardy-Weinberg assumptions u Calculations for detecting departure from HW, including biological interpretations! u Calculating allele frequencies for dominant loci ...
... calculations u Standard errors u Hardy-Weinberg assumptions u Calculations for detecting departure from HW, including biological interpretations! u Calculating allele frequencies for dominant loci ...
Genetic Engineering - Roslyn Public Schools
... Genetic Engineering This is any way the the genetic material of an organism is changed in order to have desired traits. Geneticists have many techniques to do this. ...
... Genetic Engineering This is any way the the genetic material of an organism is changed in order to have desired traits. Geneticists have many techniques to do this. ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.