Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... In the nondirectionally selective model (see Fig. 2 A), all of the excitatory synaptic strengths were set to gj % 0.009, and the inhibitory synapses all had gj % 0.0025 (for exceptions, see Fig. 2 B, middle and bottom, where values 2.4 and 10 times larger were used to compensate for the increased de ...
... In the nondirectionally selective model (see Fig. 2 A), all of the excitatory synaptic strengths were set to gj % 0.009, and the inhibitory synapses all had gj % 0.0025 (for exceptions, see Fig. 2 B, middle and bottom, where values 2.4 and 10 times larger were used to compensate for the increased de ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... predict the timing of reward delivery, even in a phase of the task when the cells are not driven by a visual stimulus. This result is remarkable because V1 neurons are usually thought to code low-level visual features rather than the value of stimuli. However, a recent study by Serences (2008) obser ...
... predict the timing of reward delivery, even in a phase of the task when the cells are not driven by a visual stimulus. This result is remarkable because V1 neurons are usually thought to code low-level visual features rather than the value of stimuli. However, a recent study by Serences (2008) obser ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... Striatal Go/NoGo representations are learned via phasic changes in simulated DA firing in the SNc layer during positive and negative reinforcement. After correct responses, increases in DA firing excite Go units for the just-selected response, while suppressing NoGo units, via simulated D1 and D2 re ...
... Striatal Go/NoGo representations are learned via phasic changes in simulated DA firing in the SNc layer during positive and negative reinforcement. After correct responses, increases in DA firing excite Go units for the just-selected response, while suppressing NoGo units, via simulated D1 and D2 re ...
relation between cell size and response characteristics of
... stimulation. Of the 136 vestibulospinal neurons, 80 (58.8%) displayed a reliable periodic modulation of their firing rate during sinusoidal tilt at 0.026 Hz, 10” peak amplitude (see Fig. 3, 0). Among the remaining 56 units (41.2%), 48 did not satisfy the criteria for responsiveness (see Fig. 3, x). ...
... stimulation. Of the 136 vestibulospinal neurons, 80 (58.8%) displayed a reliable periodic modulation of their firing rate during sinusoidal tilt at 0.026 Hz, 10” peak amplitude (see Fig. 3, 0). Among the remaining 56 units (41.2%), 48 did not satisfy the criteria for responsiveness (see Fig. 3, x). ...
Receptive fields and suppressive fields in the
... much less than proportionally (Figure 3A) (Maffei and Fiorentini, 1973; Sclar et al., ...
... much less than proportionally (Figure 3A) (Maffei and Fiorentini, 1973; Sclar et al., ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... the model DTN. In our initial (default) model, the onset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 10 ms after stimulus onset and the offset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 6 ms after stimulus offset (see Fig. 3E). We also explored the effect of input latency on duration tuning by runn ...
... the model DTN. In our initial (default) model, the onset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 10 ms after stimulus onset and the offset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 6 ms after stimulus offset (see Fig. 3E). We also explored the effect of input latency on duration tuning by runn ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... Characterizing the relationship between stimulus and response is difficult because neuronal responses are complex and variable. Neurons typically respond by producing complex spike sequences that reflect both the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron and the temporal characteristics of the stimulus. Isol ...
... Characterizing the relationship between stimulus and response is difficult because neuronal responses are complex and variable. Neurons typically respond by producing complex spike sequences that reflect both the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron and the temporal characteristics of the stimulus. Isol ...
Modulation of Behavior by Expected Reward Magnitude Depends
... how the pDMS modulates reward-seeking responses that are guided by visual cues. In particular, we were interested how dopamine (DA) influences these processes. There is substantial evidence that DA signals carry information about the reward predicted by distinct cues (Schultz 2007; Tobler et al. 200 ...
... how the pDMS modulates reward-seeking responses that are guided by visual cues. In particular, we were interested how dopamine (DA) influences these processes. There is substantial evidence that DA signals carry information about the reward predicted by distinct cues (Schultz 2007; Tobler et al. 200 ...
Temporal coding in the gustatory system
... other taste qualities. These cells are then identified by their ‘‘best’’ stimulus among representatives of the basic taste qualities. In support of this theory are observations that the best stimulus of a cell is a good predictor of the relative response rates to the other, non-best stimuli (Frank, 1 ...
... other taste qualities. These cells are then identified by their ‘‘best’’ stimulus among representatives of the basic taste qualities. In support of this theory are observations that the best stimulus of a cell is a good predictor of the relative response rates to the other, non-best stimuli (Frank, 1 ...
Retinotopic Organization and Functional Subdivisions of the Human
... pattern, of which only a portion was revealed at any point in time, encompassed the central 15° of the visual field (13° near the vertical meridian) and contained 24 radial sectors and 12 evenly spaced annuli (see Fig. 1). The luminances of the alternating bright and dark sections of the checkerboar ...
... pattern, of which only a portion was revealed at any point in time, encompassed the central 15° of the visual field (13° near the vertical meridian) and contained 24 radial sectors and 12 evenly spaced annuli (see Fig. 1). The luminances of the alternating bright and dark sections of the checkerboar ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... frequencies, the slope of the sinusoidal noise is greater, and the time difference between positive and negative phases is smaller. These combine to increase the likelihood of artifactual phase locking. However, because the interaction between the sinusoidal noise and the spike occurs at the time th ...
... frequencies, the slope of the sinusoidal noise is greater, and the time difference between positive and negative phases is smaller. These combine to increase the likelihood of artifactual phase locking. However, because the interaction between the sinusoidal noise and the spike occurs at the time th ...
Cross modality matching of brightness and loudness
... may have influenced the cortical response. Basic cross modality matching studies of brightness and loudness reveal that individuals tend to associate brighter lights with louder sounds and dimmer lights with softer sounds (Marks, 1987; McPherson, 1975; Stevens & Marks, 1965). Thus, the intensities o ...
... may have influenced the cortical response. Basic cross modality matching studies of brightness and loudness reveal that individuals tend to associate brighter lights with louder sounds and dimmer lights with softer sounds (Marks, 1987; McPherson, 1975; Stevens & Marks, 1965). Thus, the intensities o ...
Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed Donald B
... (PbN). From the brainstem, taste information is transmitted to the thalamocortical system, amygdala and hypothalamus. Such descriptions of the circuitry usually ignore the fact that the gustatory system is made-up of networks of feedforward and feedback pathways. Figure 1b presents a simple reconcep ...
... (PbN). From the brainstem, taste information is transmitted to the thalamocortical system, amygdala and hypothalamus. Such descriptions of the circuitry usually ignore the fact that the gustatory system is made-up of networks of feedforward and feedback pathways. Figure 1b presents a simple reconcep ...
Dissociated functional significance of decision
... it remains uncertain whether or not various forms of decisionrelated activity are causally related to decision making7–9. Here we address this question by recording and reversibly inactivating the lateral intraparietal (LIP) and middle temporal (MT) areas of rhesus macaques performing a motion direc ...
... it remains uncertain whether or not various forms of decisionrelated activity are causally related to decision making7–9. Here we address this question by recording and reversibly inactivating the lateral intraparietal (LIP) and middle temporal (MT) areas of rhesus macaques performing a motion direc ...
Visual Categorization and the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... that the morphing system functioned as designed and generated stimuli that that had no a priori discontinuities that the monkeys could exploit to solve the task. A two-dimensional (2-D) correlation coefficient was calculated for neighboring images at six levels of blends of cat and dog (cat:dog: 100 ...
... that the morphing system functioned as designed and generated stimuli that that had no a priori discontinuities that the monkeys could exploit to solve the task. A two-dimensional (2-D) correlation coefficient was calculated for neighboring images at six levels of blends of cat and dog (cat:dog: 100 ...
A Motion-sensitive Area in Ferret Extrastriate
... random dots have the same direction and speed (tangential speed was typically 21.5/s) at a given moment. In this paradigm the speed of the stimulus is constant throughout a stimulus trial (cycle), but stimulus direction changes continuously (0--360) within a complete stimulus cycle. This stimulus ...
... random dots have the same direction and speed (tangential speed was typically 21.5/s) at a given moment. In this paradigm the speed of the stimulus is constant throughout a stimulus trial (cycle), but stimulus direction changes continuously (0--360) within a complete stimulus cycle. This stimulus ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... the relevant population, in a window of 70 –270 ms after image onset (other time intervals yielded similar results). This measure represents the extent to which the two versions elicited similar patterns of activity across neurons. This results in a total of 4C2 ⫽ 6 distances for each object. We the ...
... the relevant population, in a window of 70 –270 ms after image onset (other time intervals yielded similar results). This measure represents the extent to which the two versions elicited similar patterns of activity across neurons. This results in a total of 4C2 ⫽ 6 distances for each object. We the ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... computer also controlled the measurements of task performance. Electrooculograms (EOGs) were collected during neuronal recordings with the chronically implanted periorbital electrodes. Horizontal components of the eye position were digitized at 200 Hz and stored during each block of trials, concomit ...
... computer also controlled the measurements of task performance. Electrooculograms (EOGs) were collected during neuronal recordings with the chronically implanted periorbital electrodes. Horizontal components of the eye position were digitized at 200 Hz and stored during each block of trials, concomit ...
Modulation of Inhibition of Return by the Dopamine D2 Receptor
... cue-to-target SOAs were used to assess involuntary attention and IOR. In half of the blocks, a 40 ms SOA was used, consistent with the SOA required for allocation of involuntary attention (Posner and Cohen 1984). In the other half of the blocks, a 600 ms SOA was used, consistent with the time course ...
... cue-to-target SOAs were used to assess involuntary attention and IOR. In half of the blocks, a 40 ms SOA was used, consistent with the SOA required for allocation of involuntary attention (Posner and Cohen 1984). In the other half of the blocks, a 600 ms SOA was used, consistent with the time course ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... visually-guided delayed saccades, and memory-guided saccades. A subset using stimulation currents of 600 A (for additional details, see Berman of neurons were also tested with a modified fixation task for rapidly and Wurtz, 2010). If stimulation activated the neuron through the synmapping receptive ...
... visually-guided delayed saccades, and memory-guided saccades. A subset using stimulation currents of 600 A (for additional details, see Berman of neurons were also tested with a modified fixation task for rapidly and Wurtz, 2010). If stimulation activated the neuron through the synmapping receptive ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... Intrinsic optical signals were recorded using the Imager 2001 video acquisition system (Optical Imaging, Germantown, NY), the details of which have been described previously (Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1996; Grinvald et al. 1986, 1988; Ts’o et al. 1990). The cortical surface was illuminated with narrow ...
... Intrinsic optical signals were recorded using the Imager 2001 video acquisition system (Optical Imaging, Germantown, NY), the details of which have been described previously (Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1996; Grinvald et al. 1986, 1988; Ts’o et al. 1990). The cortical surface was illuminated with narrow ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... Intrinsic optical signals were recorded using the Imager 2001 video acquisition system (Optical Imaging, Germantown, NY), the details of which have been described previously (Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1996; Grinvald et al. 1986, 1988; Ts’o et al. 1990). The cortical surface was illuminated with narrow ...
... Intrinsic optical signals were recorded using the Imager 2001 video acquisition system (Optical Imaging, Germantown, NY), the details of which have been described previously (Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1996; Grinvald et al. 1986, 1988; Ts’o et al. 1990). The cortical surface was illuminated with narrow ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... and the error occurs when the actual outcome differs from what had been predicted. Whatever the particular form of learning, these learning systems generate predictions of an event, process this event, and then compute the error between the event and its prediction, which is then used to modify both ...
... and the error occurs when the actual outcome differs from what had been predicted. Whatever the particular form of learning, these learning systems generate predictions of an event, process this event, and then compute the error between the event and its prediction, which is then used to modify both ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... the preferred stimulus diameter and the degree of size tuning (expressed as a fraction of the peak responses) and compared results for data and for model predictions. Second, to investigate the ability of the model to predict the effects of stimulus size on contrast saturation, we fitted a power law ...
... the preferred stimulus diameter and the degree of size tuning (expressed as a fraction of the peak responses) and compared results for data and for model predictions. Second, to investigate the ability of the model to predict the effects of stimulus size on contrast saturation, we fitted a power law ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
Response priming
In the psychology of perception and motor control, the term response priming denotes a special form of priming. Generally, priming effects take place whenever a response to a target stimulus is influenced by a prime stimulus presented at an earlier time. The distinctive feature of response priming is that prime and target are presented in quick succession (typically, less than 100 milliseconds apart) and are coupled to identical or alternative motor responses. When a speeded motor response is performed to classify the target stimulus, a prime immediately preceding the target can thus induce response conflicts when assigned to a different response as the target. These response conflicts have observable effects on motor behavior, leading to priming effects, e.g., in response times and error rates. A special property of response priming is its independence from visual awareness of the prime.