Transitional Probabilities Are Prioritized over Stimulus/Pattern
... low-probability tones because none of the deviants include sounds that would not also appear with at least 0.33 probability in the standard triplet. However, previous studies showed that deviance detection is based on low-probability patterns rather than individual stimuli when the repeated pattern ...
... low-probability tones because none of the deviants include sounds that would not also appear with at least 0.33 probability in the standard triplet. However, previous studies showed that deviance detection is based on low-probability patterns rather than individual stimuli when the repeated pattern ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... Box 1: Organization of the Mature Corticospinal System The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and ...
... Box 1: Organization of the Mature Corticospinal System The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... with receptors. Postsynaptically, reuptake through several transporters and degradation by monoamine oxidase decrease the amount of 5-HT in the extracellular fluid. There is strong regional variation in the concentration of these proteins, which can lead to regional variation in the magnitude and ti ...
... with receptors. Postsynaptically, reuptake through several transporters and degradation by monoamine oxidase decrease the amount of 5-HT in the extracellular fluid. There is strong regional variation in the concentration of these proteins, which can lead to regional variation in the magnitude and ti ...
Hands Up: Attentional Prioritization of Space Near the Hand
... not respond to a visual stimulus in the same retinotopic position but will respond to a visual stimulus presented near the hand’s new location. Thus, these neurons are said to represent the position of stimuli relative to the hand. In other words, they represent an object’s position in hand-centered ...
... not respond to a visual stimulus in the same retinotopic position but will respond to a visual stimulus presented near the hand’s new location. Thus, these neurons are said to represent the position of stimuli relative to the hand. In other words, they represent an object’s position in hand-centered ...
PATHWAYS OF THREAT-AVOIDANCE 1 Safe From Harm: Learned
... that when coloured circles appeared on screen the marked keys on the keyboard would be available and that pressing one of the keys (participants were not told which) in the presence of one coloured circle would cancel upcoming shock. They were also told that the key that cancelled shocks was the sam ...
... that when coloured circles appeared on screen the marked keys on the keyboard would be available and that pressing one of the keys (participants were not told which) in the presence of one coloured circle would cancel upcoming shock. They were also told that the key that cancelled shocks was the sam ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... Responses to sound by tonically active neurons (TANs), a class of neurons in the primate striatum, were recorded through a tungsten wire electrode during the application of either D1- or D2-class DA receptor antagonists (total volume õ1 ml, at a rate of 1 ml/5– 10 min). Application of the D2-class a ...
... Responses to sound by tonically active neurons (TANs), a class of neurons in the primate striatum, were recorded through a tungsten wire electrode during the application of either D1- or D2-class DA receptor antagonists (total volume õ1 ml, at a rate of 1 ml/5– 10 min). Application of the D2-class a ...
SOP #11 Acoustic Startle and Pre
... protocol measures acoustic startle reactivity in naive rats as a prelude to a subsequent study of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the same rats. Data obtained from Basic Protocol 1 are used to match groups of rats for the PPI experiment described in Basic Protocol 2. ...
... protocol measures acoustic startle reactivity in naive rats as a prelude to a subsequent study of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the same rats. Data obtained from Basic Protocol 1 are used to match groups of rats for the PPI experiment described in Basic Protocol 2. ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... Spike-frequency adaptation affects the response characteristics of many sensory neurons, and different biophysical processes contribute to this phenomenon. Many cellular mechanisms underlying adaptation are triggered by the spike output of the neuron in a feedback manner (e.g., specific potassium cu ...
... Spike-frequency adaptation affects the response characteristics of many sensory neurons, and different biophysical processes contribute to this phenomenon. Many cellular mechanisms underlying adaptation are triggered by the spike output of the neuron in a feedback manner (e.g., specific potassium cu ...
Rapid induction of false memory for pictures
... Pictorial stimuli may be seen as offering a compromise between the ecological validity of autobiographical studies and the flexibility of verbal stimuli. However, there has been little research into false memory for pictorial stimuli, and when it has been conducted more often than not the stimuli ha ...
... Pictorial stimuli may be seen as offering a compromise between the ecological validity of autobiographical studies and the flexibility of verbal stimuli. However, there has been little research into false memory for pictorial stimuli, and when it has been conducted more often than not the stimuli ha ...
Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River
... (third waveform in fig. 1). Lavikainen et al. [1995] found two sources for the magnetic N1 response to such a change in frequency and suggested that these represented the normal N1 and an MMN, with the MMN occurring earlier than it would have if the frequency change had been part of a separate devia ...
... (third waveform in fig. 1). Lavikainen et al. [1995] found two sources for the magnetic N1 response to such a change in frequency and suggested that these represented the normal N1 and an MMN, with the MMN occurring earlier than it would have if the frequency change had been part of a separate devia ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... which the event is likely to occur (temporal prediction). Both duration estimation and temporal prediction require a metrical representation of time in which the occurrence of consecutive events is measured on a continuous scale. Recent studies indicate that temporal processing may not be centralize ...
... which the event is likely to occur (temporal prediction). Both duration estimation and temporal prediction require a metrical representation of time in which the occurrence of consecutive events is measured on a continuous scale. Recent studies indicate that temporal processing may not be centralize ...
response inhibition is differentially related to instrumental and
... although both behaviors can be present. The study by Loeber et al. (2002) investigated response inhibition in children with ADHD, ADHD with conduct disorder, conduct disorder, no disorder and anxiety disorders (the latter will not be discussed). They aimed to investigate if response inhibition was a ...
... although both behaviors can be present. The study by Loeber et al. (2002) investigated response inhibition in children with ADHD, ADHD with conduct disorder, conduct disorder, no disorder and anxiety disorders (the latter will not be discussed). They aimed to investigate if response inhibition was a ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... were given. After testing for responses to MCP stimulation, the animal was subjected to 100 presentations of the forelimb CS alone, which caused extinction of forelimb-elicited CRs. When MCP stimulation was then applied, no CRs were present. Thus, the responses elicited by MCP stimulation were depen ...
... were given. After testing for responses to MCP stimulation, the animal was subjected to 100 presentations of the forelimb CS alone, which caused extinction of forelimb-elicited CRs. When MCP stimulation was then applied, no CRs were present. Thus, the responses elicited by MCP stimulation were depen ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... quantity is positive (negative), the shift is towards (away from) attention. In a few cases (Fig. 4C) we also tried systematically another measure of RF shift based on a Gaussian fit to ensure that our conclusions are not dependent on the particular measure of shift used. Specifically, we fitted a Gaus ...
... quantity is positive (negative), the shift is towards (away from) attention. In a few cases (Fig. 4C) we also tried systematically another measure of RF shift based on a Gaussian fit to ensure that our conclusions are not dependent on the particular measure of shift used. Specifically, we fitted a Gaus ...
Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... Previous studies have suggested that both the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and inferior temporal cortex (ITC) are involved in high-level visual processing and categorization, but their respective roles are not known. To address this, we trained monkeys to categorize a continuous set of visual stimuli int ...
... Previous studies have suggested that both the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and inferior temporal cortex (ITC) are involved in high-level visual processing and categorization, but their respective roles are not known. To address this, we trained monkeys to categorize a continuous set of visual stimuli int ...
The Effects of Short-term and Long-term Learning on the Responses
... et al., 2003). Removing parts of the parietal cortex, however, does not seem to affect the learning of new associations or the retention of familiar ones (Pisella et al., 2000; Rushworth, Nixon, & Passingham, 1997). As an example, LIP neurons can become sensitive to colors if they have been arbitrar ...
... et al., 2003). Removing parts of the parietal cortex, however, does not seem to affect the learning of new associations or the retention of familiar ones (Pisella et al., 2000; Rushworth, Nixon, & Passingham, 1997). As an example, LIP neurons can become sensitive to colors if they have been arbitrar ...
Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the
... the extracellular potentials generated by an action potential diminish with distance from the cell (Nunez, 1981), we assume that all neurons contributing to a multi-unit recording lie within some limited spatial area. This boundary is defined by both the electrode properties (Robinson, 1968) as wel ...
... the extracellular potentials generated by an action potential diminish with distance from the cell (Nunez, 1981), we assume that all neurons contributing to a multi-unit recording lie within some limited spatial area. This boundary is defined by both the electrode properties (Robinson, 1968) as wel ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half (“same” blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal ...
... independently manipulated (at a local spatial scale). In experiment 1, relative disparity was kept constant, while absolute disparity was varied in one-half the blocks of trials (“mixed” blocks) and kept constant in the remaining one-half (“same” blocks), alternating between blocks. Because neuronal ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Fig. 2. Simplified schematics of the synaptic circuits in each compartment. The top left schematic shows the circuit for AMPA synapse, which is modeled as a low-pass filter (LPF). The top right schematic shows the NMDA synapse, which has a relatively long time constant and is sensitive to both the l ...
... Fig. 2. Simplified schematics of the synaptic circuits in each compartment. The top left schematic shows the circuit for AMPA synapse, which is modeled as a low-pass filter (LPF). The top right schematic shows the NMDA synapse, which has a relatively long time constant and is sensitive to both the l ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
studies on the myoneural physiology of echinodermata
... characteristics of a slow response. In any one preparation both 'spontaneous' and electrically released slow contractions are identical, but there is considerable variation in the quantitative details of a slow contraction from preparation to preparation. This variability is found, moreover, neither ...
... characteristics of a slow response. In any one preparation both 'spontaneous' and electrically released slow contractions are identical, but there is considerable variation in the quantitative details of a slow contraction from preparation to preparation. This variability is found, moreover, neither ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... Recent evidence suggests that local inhibitory processes are major determinants of LAT neuronal activity and are central to its normal functioning as, for example, a decrease in GABAergic neurons within this structure is correlated with the development of kindled seizures (Callahan et al. 1991). In ...
... Recent evidence suggests that local inhibitory processes are major determinants of LAT neuronal activity and are central to its normal functioning as, for example, a decrease in GABAergic neurons within this structure is correlated with the development of kindled seizures (Callahan et al. 1991). In ...
By ON THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN THE CONTROL... VISUALLY-GUIDED SACCADES
... a dynamically changing world is fundamental for our survival. In order to respond to such changes in the environment, sensory information must first be received and processed by the nervous system before an appropriate motor response can be planned and executed. However, relatively little is known a ...
... a dynamically changing world is fundamental for our survival. In order to respond to such changes in the environment, sensory information must first be received and processed by the nervous system before an appropriate motor response can be planned and executed. However, relatively little is known a ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... of two stimuli permits the inference that neural processes underlying learning have developed plasticity. Most contemporary studies of physiological plasticity during learning employ a type of associative training first discovered and elucidated by Pavlov (1927), called "classical conditioning". In ...
... of two stimuli permits the inference that neural processes underlying learning have developed plasticity. Most contemporary studies of physiological plasticity during learning employ a type of associative training first discovered and elucidated by Pavlov (1927), called "classical conditioning". In ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... features to be transmitted to the skin. Control studies showed that the firing rates, response structures, and RFs of most area 3b neurons were unaffected by the latex intermediate (J. J. DiC arlo and K . O. Johnson, unpublished observations). RFs estimated in the same scanning direction with and wi ...
... features to be transmitted to the skin. Control studies showed that the firing rates, response structures, and RFs of most area 3b neurons were unaffected by the latex intermediate (J. J. DiC arlo and K . O. Johnson, unpublished observations). RFs estimated in the same scanning direction with and wi ...
Response priming
In the psychology of perception and motor control, the term response priming denotes a special form of priming. Generally, priming effects take place whenever a response to a target stimulus is influenced by a prime stimulus presented at an earlier time. The distinctive feature of response priming is that prime and target are presented in quick succession (typically, less than 100 milliseconds apart) and are coupled to identical or alternative motor responses. When a speeded motor response is performed to classify the target stimulus, a prime immediately preceding the target can thus induce response conflicts when assigned to a different response as the target. These response conflicts have observable effects on motor behavior, leading to priming effects, e.g., in response times and error rates. A special property of response priming is its independence from visual awareness of the prime.