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Soln Ch 21 Futures intro
Soln Ch 21 Futures intro

... These results support VanHusen’s statement that selling a forward contract on the underlying bond protects the portfolio during a period of rising interest rates. The loss in the value of the underlying bond during the six month holding period is offset by the cash payment made at expiration date to ...
Prospect Theory and market quality - University of Michigan`s Ross
Prospect Theory and market quality - University of Michigan`s Ross

... of the equity premium, excess stock return volatility, momentum and the disposition effect, the value premium, or stock return predictability and its implications for portfolio selection.2 The past two decades have also been characterized by an increasing interest in the study of the process of pric ...
download
download

... Suppose stocks in your portfolio have an average beta of 1.0, but you feel they have been chosen well and will outperform the market in both good and bad times. Hedging ensures that the return you earn is the risk-free return plus the excess return of your portfolio over the market. ...
guide to absolute return investing
guide to absolute return investing

... crisis, different asset classes tend to move together to a much greater extent than at normal times. In a traditional 60/40 portfolio, equities may make up about 60% of the total assets, but can generate 96% of the expected risk of the portfolio. This is illustrated in Figure 2 below. ...
Financial Statement Analysis and Security Valuation
Financial Statement Analysis and Security Valuation

... The effective interest rate is the internal rate of return or yield to maturity at the time of issue. Under the effective interest rate method, the interest expense for a period is calculated as the effective interest rate times the bonds’ book value at the beginning of the period. Thus, under this ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
Sample pages 1 PDF

... These, and other, risk-free investments are centrally important throughout finance. The rate of return on a risk-free investment is called the risk-free rate, rf . For investments in U.S. dollars, this is often taken as the yield rate on short-term treasury bills. These rates can be found at www.ustr ...
T No Theory? No Evidence? No Problem!
T No Theory? No Evidence? No Problem!

... price of oil for future delivery in the same manner that additional demand for contracts for the delivery of a physical barrel of oil today drives up the price for oil on the spot market. ...
Futures - HSBC Broking Services
Futures - HSBC Broking Services

... deposited as collateral with HSBC Broking Futures. 2. You may be called upon at short notice to deposit additional margin deposits or interest payments. If the required margin deposits or interest payments are not provided within the prescribed time, your position or collateral may be liquidated w ...
Portfolio Adjustment Costs and Asset Price Volatility with
Portfolio Adjustment Costs and Asset Price Volatility with

... or buying large quantities of assets are less costly. Empirical studies show that the relationship illiquidity and volatility is inconclusive (e.g.Amihud and Mendelson (1989) for equity markets or Bao and Pan (2013) for bond markets, i.e. in less liquid markets volatility is higher. One way to model ...
a survey of strategic market games
a survey of strategic market games

A Beginners` Guide to Commodity Market
A Beginners` Guide to Commodity Market

... Act, 1952, all the contracts for delivery of goods, which are settled by payment of money difference or where delivery and payment is made after period of 11 days, are forward contracts. 3. What are standardized contracts? Futures contracts are standardized. In other words, the parties to the contra ...
Forecasting Long-Term Electric Price Volatility for Valuation of Real
Forecasting Long-Term Electric Price Volatility for Valuation of Real

... price, and the greater the potential price swings, then the greater potential profit if those extreme prices occur. Valuations of such an asset that does not include this real option value will under-represent the potential value of the asset. ...
Stock Valuation
Stock Valuation

... • Suppose you are thinking of purchasing the stock of Moore Oil, Inc. You expect it to pay a $2 dividend in one year, and you believe that you can sell the stock for $14 at that time. If you require a return of 20% on investments of this risk, what is the maximum you would be willing to pay? – Compu ...
Informed Trading, Flow Toxicity and the Impact on Intraday Trading
Informed Trading, Flow Toxicity and the Impact on Intraday Trading

... to update price indices and disseminate information to data vendors at high frequency. Trading hours are between 10:00am to 4:00pm EST from Monday to Friday excluding public holidays. Opening times for individuals stocks are random and staggered, but it is generally accepted that all stocks are trad ...
Capital Commitment and Illiquidity in Corporate Bonds
Capital Commitment and Illiquidity in Corporate Bonds

... implemented in phases, with some effective dates as long as five years after the signing. We focus in particular on the period from July 2012 onward, when the Volcker rule restrictions on proprietary trading by financial institutions were fully in effect. We document a number of striking findings, i ...
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)

... players influence the width and depth of the market. As December 2013, It has about 200 listed companies with a total market capitalization of about N12.88 trillion ($ 80.8 billion). 2.5 The Ghanaian Stock Exchange The Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE), incorporated in July 1989 with trading commencing in ...
Anatomy of a Bond Futures Contract Delivery Squeeze
Anatomy of a Bond Futures Contract Delivery Squeeze

... the term structure which underlies the calculation of conversion factors does not become dramatically different from the prevailing term structure. Third, regulatory reporting should require flagging of trades like forward term repos that provide control of key deliverable issues against the futures ...
Optimality in an Adverse Selection Insurance Economy with Private
Optimality in an Adverse Selection Insurance Economy with Private

... agents can contract with more than one principal and the terms of the contract are private information. Ales and Maziero, for example, address non-exclusivity assuming insurance is sold through an intermediary, there is free entry, and agents can sign multiple contracts with intermediaries. They det ...
Do Market Efficiency Measures Yield Correct Inferences?
Do Market Efficiency Measures Yield Correct Inferences?

... our findings suggest that one may need to focus on measuring the informational aspects of efficiency before making meaningful statements about relative efficiency, especially for settings with large disparities in the information environment. The portfolio strategy returns and efficiency measures we ...
Financial Intermediation Chains in a Search Market
Financial Intermediation Chains in a Search Market

... Our paper belongs to the recent literature that analyzes over-the-counter (OTC) markets in the search framework developed by Duffie, Garleanu, and Pedersen (2005). This framework has been extended to include risk-averse agents (Duffie, Garleanu, and Pedersen (2007)), unrestricted asset holdings (Lag ...
Does Option Trading Impact Underlying Stock Prices
Does Option Trading Impact Underlying Stock Prices

... Cinar and Vu (1987) find that the average return and volatility of optioned stocks on the Thursday to Friday of expiration week are largely the same as from the Thursday to Friday of non-expiration weeks. Ni, Pearson, and Poteshman (2005), on the other hand, provide strong evidence that the prices ...
Foreign Market Servicing Strategies In The NAFTA Area
Foreign Market Servicing Strategies In The NAFTA Area

... intermediate goods or corporate assets by the firm. In licensing the firm sells rights and the use of assets to a licensee. In X and FDI such activities are internalised (Buckley and Casson 1976, 1985; Dunning 1993, 1998). Broadly, then, the internalisation and location effects separate the three ge ...
Capital Market: History Record
Capital Market: History Record

... • The return of large-company portfolio is essentially the return of S&P 500 index (proxy for market portfolio), so 8% − 3% = 5% market premium can be view as the reward to bear one unit systematic risk • If a stock has a beta of 2, how much risk premium should be awarded to investors who hold it?  ...
Execution Times of Small Limit Orders: A Simpler
Execution Times of Small Limit Orders: A Simpler

... In an electronic stock market, an equity trader can submit two kinds of orders: a market order or a limit order. In a market order, the trade occurs at the best available price on the opposite side of the book. In a limit order, on the other hand, the trader specifies a price (lower limit in case of ...
Capital Flow Software
Capital Flow Software

... opportunities. Since the machines will be available to all, what will make the difference is the creative ability of the individual trader to add value to the trading opportunities that the computer identifies by itself. Capital Flow Software has been developed to fulfill these functions: first, to ...
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Algorithmic trading

Algorithmic trading, also called algo trading and blackbox trading, encompasses trading systems that are heavily reliant on complex mathematical formulas and high-speed, computer programs to determine trading strategies. These strategies use electronic platforms to enter trading orders with an algorithm which executes pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for a variety of variables such as timing, price, and volume. Algorithmic trading is widely used by investment banks, pension funds, mutual funds, and other buy-side (investor-driven) institutional traders, to divide large trades into several smaller trades to manage market impact and risk.Algorithmic trading may be used in any investment strategy or trading strategy, including market making, inter-market spreading, arbitrage, or pure speculation (including trend following). The investment decision and implementation may be augmented at any stage with algorithmic support or may operate completely automatically.Many types of algorithmic or automated trading activities can be described as high-frequency trading (HFT), which is a specialized form of algorithmic trading characterized by high turnover and high order-to-trade ratios. As a result, in February 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) formed a special working group that included academics and industry experts to advise the CFTC on how best to define HFT. HFT strategies utilize computers that make elaborate decisions to initiate orders based on information that is received electronically, before human traders are capable of processing the information they observe. Algorithmic trading and HFT have resulted in a dramatic change of the market microstructure, particularly in the way liquidity is provided.Profitability projections by the TABB Group, a financial services industry research firm, for the US equities HFT industry were US$1.3 billion before expenses for 2014, significantly down on the maximum of US$21 billion that the 300 securities firms and hedge funds that then specialized in this type of trading took in profits in 2008, which the authors had then called ""relatively small"" and ""surprisingly modest"" when compared to the market's overall trading volume. In March 2014, Virtu Financial, a high-frequency trading firm, reported that during five years the firm as a whole was profitable on 1,277 out of 1,278 trading days, losing money just one day, empirically demonstrating the law of large numbers benefit of trading thousands to millions of tiny, low-risk and low-edge trades every trading day.A third of all European Union and United States stock trades in 2006 were driven by automatic programs, or algorithms. As of 2009, studies suggested HFT firms accounted for 60-73% of all US equity trading volume, with that number falling to approximately 50% in 2012. In 2006, at the London Stock Exchange, over 40% of all orders were entered by algorithmic traders, with 60% predicted for 2007. American markets and European markets generally have a higher proportion of algorithmic trades than other markets, and estimates for 2008 range as high as an 80% proportion in some markets. Foreign exchange markets also have active algorithmic trading (about 25% of orders in 2006). Futures markets are considered fairly easy to integrate into algorithmic trading, with about 20% of options volume expected to be computer-generated by 2010. Bond markets are moving toward more access to algorithmic traders.Algorithmic trading and HFT have been the subject of much public debate since the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission said in reports that an algorithmic trade entered by a mutual fund company triggered a wave of selling that led to the 2010 Flash Crash. The same reports found HFT strategies may have contributed to subsequent volatility by rapidly pulling liquidity from the market. As a result of these events, the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its second largest intraday point swing ever to that date, though prices quickly recovered. (See List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.) A July, 2011 report by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), an international body of securities regulators, concluded that while ""algorithms and HFT technology have been used by market participants to manage their trading and risk, their usage was also clearly a contributing factor in the flash crash event of May 6, 2010."" However, other researchers have reached a different conclusion. One 2010 study found that HFT did not significantly alter trading inventory during the Flash Crash. Some algorithmic trading ahead of index fund rebalancing transfers profits from investors.
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