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The Kinetics of the Stock Markets
The Kinetics of the Stock Markets

... determined by the changes in demand and supply of the stock markets. If there exists an excess demand for a stock, the stock price will go up; conversely, if there exists an excess supply, the stock price will go down. Thus, the relationship between excess demand and price change for stocks is just ...
Depository System of Ukraine in reforming state
Depository System of Ukraine in reforming state

... information about the blocked securities and the availability of or the opportunity to make a certain amount of money transaction. As a result of these transactions on the stock exchange or outside it, the calculations in the depository and cash transactions in payment center conducted automatically ...
Day of the Week Effect of Stock Returns
Day of the Week Effect of Stock Returns

... time fully reflect all available information (Philpott and Firer, 1995). There are three forms of the EMH: 1) Weak form (Predictability) 2) Semi-strong form (Event studies) and 3) Strong form (Inside information) (Fama, 1991). According to Philpott and Firer (1995), a share price anomaly occurs, whe ...
best execution policy
best execution policy

... VTL will generally give price a higher relative importance when obtaining the best possible outcome for client orders . However, depending on the type of client requirements VTL may also take into consideration a range of different factors, including the need for timely execution, availability of pr ...
Determination of forward and futures prices
Determination of forward and futures prices

... † General relationship for time t is Ft = St ‰Hr-qLHT-tL † Course so far – static, buy and hold strategies † Proof will require our first dynamic trading strategy: adjust our holdings over time † This is a deterministic strategy; we know in advance what the holdings will be – unlike delta-hedging fo ...
Factors Determining the Price of Butter
Factors Determining the Price of Butter

... (Chicago Price Current) for Chicago. There can be some change in quotations from day to day even if no trades have taken place: a bid changes the previous day's quotation if it is at a higher price and an offer to sell if it is at a lower price. The Market News Service of the U.S. Department of Agri ...
The Predictive Ability of the Bond-Stock Earnings Yield Differential
The Predictive Ability of the Bond-Stock Earnings Yield Differential

... sum of the weighted latest share prices in local currency divided by the sum of the weighted most recent trailing 12-month earnings (losses) per share. MSCI does not estimate future earnings, so only past earnings are included in their data. Actual earnings are entered in the database as soon as the ...
A Model of Excess Volatility in Large Markets
A Model of Excess Volatility in Large Markets

... out and each trader’s in‡uence on prices (i.e., price impact) will be negligible.1 But on the other hand, it seems natural that coordination e¤ects will be larger when there are many traders. Moreover coordination is more di¢ cult to sustain precisely when many traders interact anonymously. In large ...
Trading and Returns under Periodic Market Closures
Trading and Returns under Periodic Market Closures

... and the return-generating process. The purpose of this analysis is to increase our understanding of the time variation in security trading and returns that are associated with regular market closures, such as the intraday and intraweek patterns in stock returns, volatility, and trading volume. We co ...
Bubbles
Bubbles

... that everybody knows the price exceeds the value of any possible dividend stream, but it is not the case that everybody knows that all the other investors also know this fact. It is this lack of higher-order mutual knowledge that makes it possible for finite bubbles to exist under certain necessary ...
a century of stock market liquidity and trading
a century of stock market liquidity and trading

... Since the proportional commission depends only on the share price, it is possible to estimate the weighted average commission rate during the fixed commission regime by looking only at the cross-sectional distribution of share prices and the total volume of trade. Other than ignoring odd lot transac ...
Full text - Высшая школа экономики
Full text - Высшая школа экономики

... While you do not know for sure the direction of the stock price at EA, you know for sure that it will jump somewhere as the volatility would rise due to uncertainty surrounding income disclosures. Volatility trading is specially designed for the cases when you do know or think that you know the fut ...
Until the lens of experience focuses information, it does almost no
Until the lens of experience focuses information, it does almost no

... software for charts, complex proprietary indicators, systems or other numerous tools, in order to attempt to increase their chances at success as a trader. Unfortunately, no matter how good your charting platform is, or how technologically progressive the system or indicator may be, most online trad ...
The Clustering of Extreme Movements: Stock Prices
The Clustering of Extreme Movements: Stock Prices

... the temporal properties of ‘fat tails’. We analyze the time duration between extreme daily movements in the Dow Jones Index. Consistent with Nelson’s findings, we find that today’s extreme return is indeed a powerful predictor of the next extreme value day. Additionally, days with extreme returns ar ...
Eighths, sixteenths, and market depth: changes in tick
Eighths, sixteenths, and market depth: changes in tick

... #oor brokers, and order submission strategies (including market versus limit order placement, limit order prices, and trade size). The interactions among these changes are dynamic, not static, and may produce aggregate e!ects that increase, instead of decrease, transaction costs. Unlike previous stu ...
1 NASDAQ US Dividend Achievers™ 50 Index Methodology
1 NASDAQ US Dividend Achievers™ 50 Index Methodology

... longer meets the Eligibility Criteria, or is otherwise determined to have become ineligible for inclusion in the Index, the security is removed from the Index and is replaced. It will be replaced with the security that meets the Eligibility Criteria with the highest current dividend yield as of the ...
BUBBLES AND ARBITRAGE 1. Introduction The doubling strategy is
BUBBLES AND ARBITRAGE 1. Introduction The doubling strategy is

... affairs varies across jurisdictions: Some limit the amount a trader may borrow while others outlaw the trading strategies that require more than limited borrowing. Our response is different. We confirm that Crusoe does indeed prefer more to less, and then we show that Crusoe’s marginal utility in the ...
Candlestick Patterns
Candlestick Patterns

... The length of the shadow should not be excessively long, especially when viewed at the end of a bullish trend. ...
Limit Order Strategic Placement with Adverse Selection
Limit Order Strategic Placement with Adverse Selection

... of the signs of trades (i.e. there is more chance the next transaction is initiated by a buyer or a seller if the previous ones have been too) and the negative autocorrelation of the returns (once the price moved up –respectively down– the probability it goes down –resp. up– is larger than if the pr ...
Tick Size Constraints, Market Structure, and Liquidity First Draft
Tick Size Constraints, Market Structure, and Liquidity First Draft

... maker fee, which is used by the stock exchange to partially subsidize liquidity takers. The impact of tick size constraints is demonstrated using the following identification strategy.6 Direct Edge, a stock exchange that executes 12% of U.S. equity trading volume, operates twin trading platforms: ED ...
Macroeconomic Factors and the Pakistani Equity
Macroeconomic Factors and the Pakistani Equity

... Issahaku et al. (2013) founded that in the long-run there is a significant negative association between money supply and stock returns, while in the short run there is a significant negative association between money supply and stock returns. Hussin, Muhammad, Abu and Awang (2012) investigated the n ...
Corporate Finance Sample Exam 2A Dr. A. Frank Thompson
Corporate Finance Sample Exam 2A Dr. A. Frank Thompson

... a. When held in isolation, Stock A has greater risk than Stock B. b. Stock B must be a more desirable addition to a portfolio than Stock A. c. Stock A must be a more desirable addition to a portfolio than Stock B. d. The expected return on Stock A should be greater than that on Stock B. e. The expec ...
Funding Constraints, Market Liquidity, and Financial Crises
Funding Constraints, Market Liquidity, and Financial Crises

... October with the rest of the year over the period 1815-1925. We find that interest rate volatility in September and October was more than 50 percent higher in the fall than during the rest of the year. Stock volatility was more than 70 percent higher. However, market volatility in September and Octo ...
Marketing mangos in Hawaii
Marketing mangos in Hawaii

... Q: What about the tourist market? A: We sell to retail markets, not to hotels and restaurants. I know they buy, but I don't know to what extent. As Hawaii mangos become available, I know they start including it in their menus, but I have no idea how much they are importing. Q: During the season, do ...
The International Diversification Fallacy of Exchange
The International Diversification Fallacy of Exchange

... country funds in providing global risk diversification for U.S. investors. Barry, Peavy, and Rodriguez (1997) take a comprehensive look at emerging stock markets and country funds. They find that the country funds listed on the U.S. exchanges are more highly correlated with the S&P 500 than the retu ...
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Algorithmic trading

Algorithmic trading, also called algo trading and blackbox trading, encompasses trading systems that are heavily reliant on complex mathematical formulas and high-speed, computer programs to determine trading strategies. These strategies use electronic platforms to enter trading orders with an algorithm which executes pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for a variety of variables such as timing, price, and volume. Algorithmic trading is widely used by investment banks, pension funds, mutual funds, and other buy-side (investor-driven) institutional traders, to divide large trades into several smaller trades to manage market impact and risk.Algorithmic trading may be used in any investment strategy or trading strategy, including market making, inter-market spreading, arbitrage, or pure speculation (including trend following). The investment decision and implementation may be augmented at any stage with algorithmic support or may operate completely automatically.Many types of algorithmic or automated trading activities can be described as high-frequency trading (HFT), which is a specialized form of algorithmic trading characterized by high turnover and high order-to-trade ratios. As a result, in February 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) formed a special working group that included academics and industry experts to advise the CFTC on how best to define HFT. HFT strategies utilize computers that make elaborate decisions to initiate orders based on information that is received electronically, before human traders are capable of processing the information they observe. Algorithmic trading and HFT have resulted in a dramatic change of the market microstructure, particularly in the way liquidity is provided.Profitability projections by the TABB Group, a financial services industry research firm, for the US equities HFT industry were US$1.3 billion before expenses for 2014, significantly down on the maximum of US$21 billion that the 300 securities firms and hedge funds that then specialized in this type of trading took in profits in 2008, which the authors had then called ""relatively small"" and ""surprisingly modest"" when compared to the market's overall trading volume. In March 2014, Virtu Financial, a high-frequency trading firm, reported that during five years the firm as a whole was profitable on 1,277 out of 1,278 trading days, losing money just one day, empirically demonstrating the law of large numbers benefit of trading thousands to millions of tiny, low-risk and low-edge trades every trading day.A third of all European Union and United States stock trades in 2006 were driven by automatic programs, or algorithms. As of 2009, studies suggested HFT firms accounted for 60-73% of all US equity trading volume, with that number falling to approximately 50% in 2012. In 2006, at the London Stock Exchange, over 40% of all orders were entered by algorithmic traders, with 60% predicted for 2007. American markets and European markets generally have a higher proportion of algorithmic trades than other markets, and estimates for 2008 range as high as an 80% proportion in some markets. Foreign exchange markets also have active algorithmic trading (about 25% of orders in 2006). Futures markets are considered fairly easy to integrate into algorithmic trading, with about 20% of options volume expected to be computer-generated by 2010. Bond markets are moving toward more access to algorithmic traders.Algorithmic trading and HFT have been the subject of much public debate since the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission said in reports that an algorithmic trade entered by a mutual fund company triggered a wave of selling that led to the 2010 Flash Crash. The same reports found HFT strategies may have contributed to subsequent volatility by rapidly pulling liquidity from the market. As a result of these events, the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its second largest intraday point swing ever to that date, though prices quickly recovered. (See List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.) A July, 2011 report by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), an international body of securities regulators, concluded that while ""algorithms and HFT technology have been used by market participants to manage their trading and risk, their usage was also clearly a contributing factor in the flash crash event of May 6, 2010."" However, other researchers have reached a different conclusion. One 2010 study found that HFT did not significantly alter trading inventory during the Flash Crash. Some algorithmic trading ahead of index fund rebalancing transfers profits from investors.
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