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Chapter 8
Chapter 8

esma_priips_euronext_reply_form_jan_29
esma_priips_euronext_reply_form_jan_29

... The proposed set up of a Key Information Document (“KID”) and its application on listed derivatives With the introduction of the PRIIPs Regulation, legislators are seeking to introduce a coordinated set of transparency rules for these products when offered to retail investors. This is to ensure that ...
Can Decentralized Markets be More Efficient?
Can Decentralized Markets be More Efficient?

... Association and the Bank of International Settlements, daily volume reaches on average $5.4T in the global foreign exchange market, $2.3B in the U.S. interest-rate derivative market, and $0.8T in the U.S. bond market. Despite their size, these decentralized markets are commonly thought of as opaque ...
mandlebrot
mandlebrot

... Here, we will look at some of Mandelbrot's main contributions to the study of price behavior. The work started roughly 50 years ago and involved the creation of a new type of mathematics. Rather than focusing on accounting or simple geometry, Mandelbrot equations dealt with mathematical shapes rough ...
Option Pricing - AUEB e
Option Pricing - AUEB e

... the underlying, while that of the call is higher than the current price of the underlying. Again, a long straddle yields a profit when there is a substantial move in the stock index in either direction. The index must move farther in a strangle than in a straddle for the strategy to yield a profit. ...
V-FTSE is the volatility index on the FTSE-100.
V-FTSE is the volatility index on the FTSE-100.

The Effect of Initial Public Offers on Long run Stock Performance
The Effect of Initial Public Offers on Long run Stock Performance

... shareholders‟ wealth therefore this study endeavored to find out whether Initial Public Offers (IPOs) actually help a firm to achieve this objective in the long run. This study thus sought to find out the long run performance of a company‟s stock after it goes public. The study therefore looked at v ...
Hedge funds have attracted significant capital inflows in the last few
Hedge funds have attracted significant capital inflows in the last few

... factor that buys last month worst performers and sells short last month winners is used. This  alternative equity risk factor is a proxy for the payoff of an equity market neutral strategy based on  short‐term mean reversion in stock returns.  Managed futures offer another good example of the useful ...
Does Liquidity Affect Securities Market Efficiency?
Does Liquidity Affect Securities Market Efficiency?

... reasons, tests of efficiency using TradeSports data nicely complement the evidence from wagering markets, experimental markets, and conventional financial markets. To measure the liquidity of securities markets on the TradeSports exchange, I rely on two indicators designed to capture O’Hara’s (1995 ...
Empirical Investigation of an Equity Pairs Trading Strategy
Empirical Investigation of an Equity Pairs Trading Strategy

PRC Paper Title - Stanford University
PRC Paper Title - Stanford University

... In Eq.(3), an exclamation point is used to denote a factorial. Figure 1 here Associated with every path of the binomial tree is the price today of a security that pays $1 if and only if that path is realized. We term these securities path-contingent claims. We can use standard arbitrage pricing tech ...
Time Variation of Liquidity in the Private Real Estate Market: An
Time Variation of Liquidity in the Private Real Estate Market: An

... 1990s and rises more in the late 1990s market upswing; clearly liquidity has a large impact on reported transaction prices in these two periods.1 Goetzmann and Peng (2006) show that transaction prices in markets for heterogeneous goods provide misleading measures of both the market demand and market ...
Towards a General Theory of the Stock Market
Towards a General Theory of the Stock Market

... to be something that the proponents of the EMH have effectively challenged. (3) Bubbles in share prices sometimes occur. A ‘bubble’ occurs when a share price is above its fundamental value, but rises in price since it is bought by agents who expect to resell it at a yet higher price. So equations (1 ...
Paper on Speculative evidience
Paper on Speculative evidience

... A group of securities that exhibit similar characteristics, behave similarly in the marketplace, and are subject to the same laws and regulations. Asset classes and asset class categories are often mixed together. These investment vehicles are asset class categories, and are used for diversification ...
Chapter 8 - Mississippi State University, College of Business
Chapter 8 - Mississippi State University, College of Business

... Since equity earns a much higher return but with higher risk, it would be nice if we could invest and earn a high return but reduce the risk associated with such investments ...
a japanese giant launches on the australian market
a japanese giant launches on the australian market

... and they needed it ready in just a ten-week period. Koji Miura, CEO of DMM FX, explained there were high expectations of the platform. “DMM FX exists in a competitive market where downtime and lag are potential business killers. When ...
Equilibrium Price Dispersion with Sequential Search
Equilibrium Price Dispersion with Sequential Search

... as the Diamond Paradox, is problematic for several reasons. From the empirical point of view, the result flies against the evidence documenting that there is a great deal of price dispersion for identical goods (see, e.g, Sorensen 2000 or Kaplan and Menzio 2014). From the theoretical point of view, ...
Turnover Rate and Speculative Bubble: Empirical Study
Turnover Rate and Speculative Bubble: Empirical Study

... Secondly, due to lack of short selling mechanism in A share market, it causes rational investors can’t effectively stabilize the stock price. This also leads to speculative bubble in A share market. In addition, the turnover rate of A share market is high. The most significant external manifestation ...
chapter 32 institutional investors
chapter 32 institutional investors

... prices will return to fundamental value very quickly. The consequence of these agents’ actions is to eliminate the anomalous behavior of prices. While this logic is appealing in theory, many questions remain. The first and rather obvious question is: Who are these arbitrageurs in real-world financi ...
The Market for OTC Derivatives
The Market for OTC Derivatives

... taking offsetting long and short positions, and make profits thanks to equilibrium price dispersion. One policy question is whether the private incentives to provide intermediation ...
Option traders use (very) sophisticated heuristics, never the Blackâ
Option traders use (very) sophisticated heuristics, never the Blackâ

... foundations of option hedging and pricing were already far more firmly laid down before them. The Black–Scholes–Merton argument, simply, is that an option can be hedged using a certain methodology called “dynamic hedging” and then turned into a risk-free instrument, as the portfolio would no longer b ...
For immediate release Ex-Dividend date Flow Traders Amsterdam
For immediate release Ex-Dividend date Flow Traders Amsterdam

... will occur in the future whether or not outside the control of Flow Traders. Such factors may cause actual results, performance or developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forwardlooking statements. Accordingly, no undue reliance should be placed on any forward-looki ...
Trading Volume, Price Autocorrelation and Volatility
Trading Volume, Price Autocorrelation and Volatility

... & Mendelson 1986 and Lo, Mamaysky & Wang 2004 find that the liquidity discount of transaction costs can be substantial, despite relatively small transaction costs. While those models argue that there exists always the liquidity premium of transaction costs, Vayanos 1998 and Cheng 2005a suggest that ...
Best-Fit Estimation Of Damaged Volume in Shareholder Class
Best-Fit Estimation Of Damaged Volume in Shareholder Class

... of some investors having a higher propensity to trade than others. If real-world investors— a group that encompasses everyone from professional arbitrageurs to participants in employee stock purchase plans—are characterized by diversity in trading propensities, as seems obvious, then a disproportion ...
Futurization of Swaps
Futurization of Swaps

... neither the CFTC nor the SEC have addressed. First, margins on futures contracts are calculated differently from and are lower than those for swaps. This is a strong reason by itself for the migration from swaps to futures. But as this migration continues and volumes of transactions cleared on futur ...
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Algorithmic trading

Algorithmic trading, also called algo trading and blackbox trading, encompasses trading systems that are heavily reliant on complex mathematical formulas and high-speed, computer programs to determine trading strategies. These strategies use electronic platforms to enter trading orders with an algorithm which executes pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for a variety of variables such as timing, price, and volume. Algorithmic trading is widely used by investment banks, pension funds, mutual funds, and other buy-side (investor-driven) institutional traders, to divide large trades into several smaller trades to manage market impact and risk.Algorithmic trading may be used in any investment strategy or trading strategy, including market making, inter-market spreading, arbitrage, or pure speculation (including trend following). The investment decision and implementation may be augmented at any stage with algorithmic support or may operate completely automatically.Many types of algorithmic or automated trading activities can be described as high-frequency trading (HFT), which is a specialized form of algorithmic trading characterized by high turnover and high order-to-trade ratios. As a result, in February 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) formed a special working group that included academics and industry experts to advise the CFTC on how best to define HFT. HFT strategies utilize computers that make elaborate decisions to initiate orders based on information that is received electronically, before human traders are capable of processing the information they observe. Algorithmic trading and HFT have resulted in a dramatic change of the market microstructure, particularly in the way liquidity is provided.Profitability projections by the TABB Group, a financial services industry research firm, for the US equities HFT industry were US$1.3 billion before expenses for 2014, significantly down on the maximum of US$21 billion that the 300 securities firms and hedge funds that then specialized in this type of trading took in profits in 2008, which the authors had then called ""relatively small"" and ""surprisingly modest"" when compared to the market's overall trading volume. In March 2014, Virtu Financial, a high-frequency trading firm, reported that during five years the firm as a whole was profitable on 1,277 out of 1,278 trading days, losing money just one day, empirically demonstrating the law of large numbers benefit of trading thousands to millions of tiny, low-risk and low-edge trades every trading day.A third of all European Union and United States stock trades in 2006 were driven by automatic programs, or algorithms. As of 2009, studies suggested HFT firms accounted for 60-73% of all US equity trading volume, with that number falling to approximately 50% in 2012. In 2006, at the London Stock Exchange, over 40% of all orders were entered by algorithmic traders, with 60% predicted for 2007. American markets and European markets generally have a higher proportion of algorithmic trades than other markets, and estimates for 2008 range as high as an 80% proportion in some markets. Foreign exchange markets also have active algorithmic trading (about 25% of orders in 2006). Futures markets are considered fairly easy to integrate into algorithmic trading, with about 20% of options volume expected to be computer-generated by 2010. Bond markets are moving toward more access to algorithmic traders.Algorithmic trading and HFT have been the subject of much public debate since the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission said in reports that an algorithmic trade entered by a mutual fund company triggered a wave of selling that led to the 2010 Flash Crash. The same reports found HFT strategies may have contributed to subsequent volatility by rapidly pulling liquidity from the market. As a result of these events, the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its second largest intraday point swing ever to that date, though prices quickly recovered. (See List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.) A July, 2011 report by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), an international body of securities regulators, concluded that while ""algorithms and HFT technology have been used by market participants to manage their trading and risk, their usage was also clearly a contributing factor in the flash crash event of May 6, 2010."" However, other researchers have reached a different conclusion. One 2010 study found that HFT did not significantly alter trading inventory during the Flash Crash. Some algorithmic trading ahead of index fund rebalancing transfers profits from investors.
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