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Physics     Week 4(Sem. 2)
Physics     Week 4(Sem. 2)

... that monitor the current flow to a circuit and opens  the circuit to stop electricity flow if the current  exceeds a certain amount (15A or 20 A).  The circuit  breaker has a metal component that increases in size  flipping the breaker (switch) when it gets too hot.    In older days fuses were used  ...
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Word version of Episode 318
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... Inverter output fed into to the RC low pass filter so the result of inverter out with the effect of RC low pass filter, before the filter and after the filter is shown in fig 7. Result of RC low pass filter is approximating sinusoidal. And the out of filter is fed into the transformer which can give ...
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... 1. Power to the circuit is present and use caution to avoid becoming a part of the circuit. Again note: High voltages can be lethal! 2. Connect the black probe to the “com” and the red probe to the “mA” terminal for low current measurements; less than 200 mA (.200 A). Connect the red probe to the 10 ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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