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APPLICATION BULLETIN
APPLICATION BULLETIN

... operational amplifier is used to drive the INA105’s “Ref” pin (pin 1) with a low impedance source to preserve true differential operational of the INA105. A basic understanding of the circuit operation can be gained by considering the INA105 as a three input summing amplifier. The voltage transfer f ...
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... 2. Find and plot one cycle of the dc current that accompanies a three-level space vector PWM that yields a vector of 0.50 Vdc / 40° Volts. The load current is 200 Amps with a power factor of 1.00. A number for Vdc is not necessary, but if you want one, make one up and declare it. ...
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... The JS-1200-545/DT is a microprocessor controlled battery charger. Digital communication line allows remote adjusting of the charging current or voltage and alarms and live report of system values and alarms. It can be switched on/off by an external TTL signal.The charger has more than 90% efficienc ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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