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expt10
expt10

Document
Document

... Circuit Analysis using Series/Parallel Equivalents 1. Begin by locating a combination of resistances that are in series or parallel. Often the place to start is farthest from the source. 2. Redraw the circuit with the equivalent resistance for the combination found in step 1. 3. Repeat steps 1 and ...
Practical 2P12 Semiconductor Devices
Practical 2P12 Semiconductor Devices

... can be considered to be composed of a “sandwich” of three adjacent layers of differently doped semiconductor, in this case silicon. For an npn transistor, the first layer, called the emitter, is heavily doped n-type, next to this is a very thin layer of p-type material known as the base, and the fin ...
Digital Multi-meter and Oscilloscope
Digital Multi-meter and Oscilloscope

Experiment A14:
Experiment A14:

... The tungsten filament will heat up if current is passed through it. This will change the resistance of the bulb. Measuring the resistance of the bulb is a guide to the temperature of the filament. Attempting to measure the resistance at room temperature with a multimeter will likely heat up the bulb ...
AngiePaperWithLudasEditsNoPhoto
AngiePaperWithLudasEditsNoPhoto

... models the membrane capacitance of a neuron. As the capacitor charges, the voltage across the membrane and ground, which models extracellular space, begins to rise. Eventually the membrane voltage becomes great enough to overcome the threshold before the diode. Current will then begin to flow throug ...
Objective : Equipments Needed : Theory
Objective : Equipments Needed : Theory

... Note : 1. Regulated output voltage might be slightly higher than the expected voltage due to tolerance of Zener diode. ...
ECE 471 Assignment 1:
ECE 471 Assignment 1:

... ≤ 100Hz square wave. (Obtain the non return to zero waveform using the offset control). Verify using oscilliscope and specturm analyzer. b. Modulate square wave using ≈ 1-2KHz sin wave with 4Vpeak-peak. Verify and demonstrate using oscilliscope and specturm analyzer. c. Demodulate by splitting sin w ...
NTUST-EE-2013S
NTUST-EE-2013S

... components in which the components are connected such that they provide a single path between two points. Kirchhoff’s A law stating that (1) the sum of the voltage voltage law drops around a closed loop equals the source voltage in that loop or (2) the algebraic sum of all of the voltages (drops and ...
EUA2510  2.7W Boosted Class-D Audio Power Amplifier
EUA2510 2.7W Boosted Class-D Audio Power Amplifier

... 2.7W Boosted Class-D Audio Power Amplifier DESCRIPTION The EUA2510 integrates a current-mode boost converter with a high efficiency mono, Class D audio power amplifier to provide 2.7W/10% THD or 2W/1% THD continuous power into a 4Ω speaker when operating on a 3.3V power supply with boost voltage (PV ...
Test Review Key
Test Review Key

... 9. Protons have POSITIVE charge. 10. Electrons have NEGATIVE charge. 11. All atoms are held together by ELECTRICAL forces. 12. The best electrical conductors are METAL. 13. Electric wires are usually made of COPPER. 14. A(n) ________________________ is a transfer of charge between two objects becaus ...
SNC1D - msamandakeller
SNC1D - msamandakeller

...  Ways to create static electricity – friction, conduction and induction  Friction – be able to use the electrostatic series to determine whether two objects rubbed together would have a positive or negative charge  Conduction – be able to draw before, during and after contact diagrams. Know which ...
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... a. Luminous flux – It is the light energy radiating from the LED. It is measured in terms of Lumen ( lm ) or Milli lumen ( mlm ) b. Luminous intensity – is the luminous flux covering a large area. It is measured as Candela ( cd ) or milli candela ( mcd ) Brightness of LED is directly related to its ...
PES 1120 Spring 2014, Spendier Lecture 23/Page 1 Today
PES 1120 Spring 2014, Spendier Lecture 23/Page 1 Today

... Two identical light bulbs are to be connected to a source with ε = 8 V and negligible internal resistance. Each light bulb has a resistance R = 2  . Find i) the current through each bulb, ii) the potential difference across each bulb, and iii) the power delivered to each bulb and iv) the entire net ...
PEQWS_Mod04_Prob06_v03 - Courses
PEQWS_Mod04_Prob06_v03 - Courses

... taken a very slow and careful approach, redrawing the circuit several times. While it is a good idea to redraw whenever it helps simplify the circuit, it is generally not necessary to redraw the circuit just to define a new variable. We do it here to be very clear about the order of steps. When you ...
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Low Offset Voltage | RRIO E-Trim TM Op-amp
Low Offset Voltage | RRIO E-Trim TM Op-amp

Chapter 11 Homework - Digilent Learn site
Chapter 11 Homework - Digilent Learn site

... b. Sketch the magnitude response and phase response of the circuit. Label your sketch to show the DC gain and the cutoff frequency of the circuit. c. Does the circuit behave as a high pass or low pass filter? Explain. y(t) ...
LT1311 - Quad 12MHz, 145ns Settling Precision Current-to
LT1311 - Quad 12MHz, 145ns Settling Precision Current-to

... supplies with no load, 1.2V delivering 10mA. The outputs are short-circuit protected with a 55mA current limit. Voltage Gain Applications When the LT1311 is used with external input resistors to make an inverting voltage gain amplifier, the bandwidth remains fairly constant for gains of 10 or less. ...
RCD Fuse Resistor Questionnaire
RCD Fuse Resistor Questionnaire

PFCI 100 115 HF
PFCI 100 115 HF

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A solid state replacement for the 3TF7 current regulator of the R
A solid state replacement for the 3TF7 current regulator of the R

... influenced by supply voltages. Collins engineers spent a regulated power supply for B+ voltages (+150 VDC) for both VFO tubes. For the stabilization of the tube heating current regulator 3TF7 is used. Whereas voltage stabilization of B+ in both receivers is very effective regulation of the filament ...
EMT1FHA
EMT1FHA

a Wideband, High Output Current, Fast Settling Op Amp AD842*
a Wideband, High Output Current, Fast Settling Op Amp AD842*

ENG17 - SS14 - Lecture 3 - Resistive Circuits and Nodal
ENG17 - SS14 - Lecture 3 - Resistive Circuits and Nodal

... • Current Divider • Voltage / Current Division • Δ-to-Y Equivalent Circuits • Node Voltage Method • NVM w/Dependent Sources • NVM Special Cases ...
< 1 ... 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 ... 2207 >

Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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