A guide to super-resolution fluorescence microscopy
... patterns—moiré fringes—arise in the emission distribution and these coarse fringes can be transferred to the image plane by the microscope. By applying these bar code–like excitation patterns in different orientations and processing all acquired images using computer algorithms, a high-resolution im ...
... patterns—moiré fringes—arise in the emission distribution and these coarse fringes can be transferred to the image plane by the microscope. By applying these bar code–like excitation patterns in different orientations and processing all acquired images using computer algorithms, a high-resolution im ...
V.90-3-James H. Cole, Clay Kirkendall, Anthony Dandridge, Gary
... complex due to the required number of compensating interferometers. The importance of this multiplexing technique is that it forms the basis for the last multiplexing approach shown, time/coherence multiplexing17. In this case, each sensor interferometer has the same path length delay but a relative ...
... complex due to the required number of compensating interferometers. The importance of this multiplexing technique is that it forms the basis for the last multiplexing approach shown, time/coherence multiplexing17. In this case, each sensor interferometer has the same path length delay but a relative ...
Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications of Infrared Multispectral
... images contain signals that are generated by molecules or units in a sample, plotted as a function of spectral and spatial distribution (Morris 1993). As such, a single data set consists of both spatial and spectral information. The typical dimensions of this data set range from 256 256 to 1024 ...
... images contain signals that are generated by molecules or units in a sample, plotted as a function of spectral and spatial distribution (Morris 1993). As such, a single data set consists of both spatial and spectral information. The typical dimensions of this data set range from 256 256 to 1024 ...
PDF
... requires a high power pump laser which makes the light source expensive and bulky. In addition, the microstructure fiber requires a free space coupling to the interferometer, which limits the optical power at the sample and the stability of the system. Finally, in order to achieve broad bandwidth, h ...
... requires a high power pump laser which makes the light source expensive and bulky. In addition, the microstructure fiber requires a free space coupling to the interferometer, which limits the optical power at the sample and the stability of the system. Finally, in order to achieve broad bandwidth, h ...
Acousto-Optic Devices and Applications
... dispersion relation forms the basis of the AO spectrum analyzer, an important signal processing application to be discussed later. Referring to Fig. 1a , a change of incidence angle d θ i will introduce a change of acoustic frequency (or optical wavelength) for exact phase matching. Thus, this phase ...
... dispersion relation forms the basis of the AO spectrum analyzer, an important signal processing application to be discussed later. Referring to Fig. 1a , a change of incidence angle d θ i will introduce a change of acoustic frequency (or optical wavelength) for exact phase matching. Thus, this phase ...
Monte Carlo simulation of light scattering in the atmosphere and
... is the average distance that a photon travels before being scattered. For a given number of photons N traveling across an infinitesimal distance dl, the amount scattered is given by dN scat = N × dl/Λ. Density and Λ are inversely related such that a higher value of Λ is equivalent to a lower density ...
... is the average distance that a photon travels before being scattered. For a given number of photons N traveling across an infinitesimal distance dl, the amount scattered is given by dN scat = N × dl/Λ. Density and Λ are inversely related such that a higher value of Λ is equivalent to a lower density ...
Coherent manipulation of the internal state of an atomic gas
... not easy either to store them or to have some interaction among them. For these tasks, material media (atoms, ions, molecules, quantum-dots, Josephson junctions) are instead the natural candidates. The long lived coherences between ground states, characterized by lifetime scales that can vary from m ...
... not easy either to store them or to have some interaction among them. For these tasks, material media (atoms, ions, molecules, quantum-dots, Josephson junctions) are instead the natural candidates. The long lived coherences between ground states, characterized by lifetime scales that can vary from m ...
Quantitative spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging
... as the term will be used here, therefore refers to the generation of sound waves through the absorption of light and conversion to heat. Three steps are involved in the PA effect: (1) the absorption of a photon, (2) the thermalization of the absorbed energy and a corresponding localized pressure inc ...
... as the term will be used here, therefore refers to the generation of sound waves through the absorption of light and conversion to heat. Three steps are involved in the PA effect: (1) the absorption of a photon, (2) the thermalization of the absorbed energy and a corresponding localized pressure inc ...
Light Scattering in Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals
... pitch, Λ. When light is incident on the Bragg grating, the Bragg wavelength is strongly reflected while the other wavelengths are transmitted................................ 17 Figure 10. Typical transmission spectrum through a Bragg grating. The reflection notch is surrounded by the characteris ...
... pitch, Λ. When light is incident on the Bragg grating, the Bragg wavelength is strongly reflected while the other wavelengths are transmitted................................ 17 Figure 10. Typical transmission spectrum through a Bragg grating. The reflection notch is surrounded by the characteris ...
Measuring the spatiotemporal electric field of
... reference and unknown pulses into two identical fibers. The output ends of the fibers are placed close together, so that when the light diverges from them, both beams are collimated with the same spherical lens (focal length f). Because the fibers are displaced from the optic axis (with a distance d ...
... reference and unknown pulses into two identical fibers. The output ends of the fibers are placed close together, so that when the light diverges from them, both beams are collimated with the same spherical lens (focal length f). Because the fibers are displaced from the optic axis (with a distance d ...
Propagation of obstructed Bessel and Bessel–Gauss
... These “pseudo non–diffracting” beams maintain the properties associated with ideal Bessel beams, but only over a finite distance. In particular, they satisfy that the beam be propagation–invariant and also display the interesting property of reconstruction. The latter property has been used in a var ...
... These “pseudo non–diffracting” beams maintain the properties associated with ideal Bessel beams, but only over a finite distance. In particular, they satisfy that the beam be propagation–invariant and also display the interesting property of reconstruction. The latter property has been used in a var ...
Radiative Transfer Theory - UCL Department of Geography
... of radiation through an elemental volume in the same way as the scalar form. Vectors are used to express polarisation coupling, as noted above. Depolarisation of incident horizontal and vertically polarised waves is an important part of the remote sensing signal. For a linearly polarised wave, the c ...
... of radiation through an elemental volume in the same way as the scalar form. Vectors are used to express polarisation coupling, as noted above. Depolarisation of incident horizontal and vertically polarised waves is an important part of the remote sensing signal. For a linearly polarised wave, the c ...
Liquid-crystal photonic applications
... arrangement, with double the amount of green pixels, compared to red and blue. In hyperspectral imaging, the aim is to obtain images of a certain object for much more different wavelengths and each image should be related to only a small wavelength range. The Lyot–Ohman tunable filter24 was proposed ...
... arrangement, with double the amount of green pixels, compared to red and blue. In hyperspectral imaging, the aim is to obtain images of a certain object for much more different wavelengths and each image should be related to only a small wavelength range. The Lyot–Ohman tunable filter24 was proposed ...
Backward Monte Carlo Calculations of the
... Since it is not possible in the backward Monte Carlo method to sample ,, directly from this distribution, a ...
... Since it is not possible in the backward Monte Carlo method to sample ,, directly from this distribution, a ...
Light & Matter: Absorption and Scattering
... of absorbed and incident intensities. • Absorption is due to a partial conversion of light energy into heat motion or certain vibrations of molecules of the absorbing material • Molar absorptivity, also called "molar extinction coefficient", which is the absorption coefficient divided by molari ...
... of absorbed and incident intensities. • Absorption is due to a partial conversion of light energy into heat motion or certain vibrations of molecules of the absorbing material • Molar absorptivity, also called "molar extinction coefficient", which is the absorption coefficient divided by molari ...
Self-assembly of three-dimensional photonic-crystals with
... do not have a full photonic bandgap because of their low index contrast, the self-assembled colloidal crystals provide an ideal template for the creation of porous structures with a full photonic bandgap by infiltration of the template by a material of high refractive index and then removal of the t ...
... do not have a full photonic bandgap because of their low index contrast, the self-assembled colloidal crystals provide an ideal template for the creation of porous structures with a full photonic bandgap by infiltration of the template by a material of high refractive index and then removal of the t ...
Diffuse optical imaging
... Despite the relative lack of success of transillumination, optical techniques were making an impact in blood oximetry, which takes advantage of the different absorption spectra of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin (HbO and HHb, respectively) to assess blood oxygenation. This demonstrated that biomedical opt ...
... Despite the relative lack of success of transillumination, optical techniques were making an impact in blood oximetry, which takes advantage of the different absorption spectra of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin (HbO and HHb, respectively) to assess blood oxygenation. This demonstrated that biomedical opt ...
Measurement of seawater refractive index and salinity by means of
... Conductivity sensors will only detect the concentration of conductive materials in specific water samples. Other non-conductive materials in a water sample will not be detected, but will contribute to the overall density of the sample. A measurement of the refractive index of the water sample could ...
... Conductivity sensors will only detect the concentration of conductive materials in specific water samples. Other non-conductive materials in a water sample will not be detected, but will contribute to the overall density of the sample. A measurement of the refractive index of the water sample could ...
An Optical Fiber Lateral Displacement Measurement Method and
... limitation. Eddy current sensors have a large range with linearity error of less than ˘3% [6,7], but they are not widely used because of the temperature sensitivity. Both linear variable displacement transformers [8] and linear encoders can supply nanoscale resolution with a large measurement range ...
... limitation. Eddy current sensors have a large range with linearity error of less than ˘3% [6,7], but they are not widely used because of the temperature sensitivity. Both linear variable displacement transformers [8] and linear encoders can supply nanoscale resolution with a large measurement range ...
A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications
... propagation direction, shaping the wavefront (e.g., focusing), and imparting information for applications such as sensing, imaging and communication. Conventional optical components are based on refraction, reflection, absorption, and/or diffraction of light, and light manipulation is achieved via p ...
... propagation direction, shaping the wavefront (e.g., focusing), and imparting information for applications such as sensing, imaging and communication. Conventional optical components are based on refraction, reflection, absorption, and/or diffraction of light, and light manipulation is achieved via p ...
MEMS Based Heavy Metal Detector Inas Raafat Ramsis
... Water pollution by toxic heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental hazards to humans’ health. As they are emitted into the water resources and adsorbed by soil, plants, fish and animals and eventually accumulate in human bodies causing a variety of serious diseases. Therefore, there is a ...
... Water pollution by toxic heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental hazards to humans’ health. As they are emitted into the water resources and adsorbed by soil, plants, fish and animals and eventually accumulate in human bodies causing a variety of serious diseases. Therefore, there is a ...
Holography
... object, and hologram are not on the same axis anymore. The hologram represents the outer area of a fresnel zone lens. Again a virtual and a real image are formed during construction. The advantage of off-axis holography is that both images do not interfere during observation and image disturbances a ...
... object, and hologram are not on the same axis anymore. The hologram represents the outer area of a fresnel zone lens. Again a virtual and a real image are formed during construction. The advantage of off-axis holography is that both images do not interfere during observation and image disturbances a ...
Gravity Gradient Survey with a Mobile Atom
... The field of atom interferometry has grown rapidly over the last two decades, opening up a new direction in precision metrology. Atom interferometers have proven to be valuable tools for measuring gravitational and inertial effects. In particular, gravimeters, gradiometers, and gyroscopes based on a ...
... The field of atom interferometry has grown rapidly over the last two decades, opening up a new direction in precision metrology. Atom interferometers have proven to be valuable tools for measuring gravitational and inertial effects. In particular, gravimeters, gradiometers, and gyroscopes based on a ...
HERCULES_Neutron_reflectivity
... time of each neutron at the detector relative to the start of each pulse, with shorter wavelengths arriving first and corresponding to high values of q. On steady state reactor beams, a pair of mechanical choppers is used to define a pulse of neutrons, with separation and length of individual pulses ...
... time of each neutron at the detector relative to the start of each pulse, with shorter wavelengths arriving first and corresponding to high values of q. On steady state reactor beams, a pair of mechanical choppers is used to define a pulse of neutrons, with separation and length of individual pulses ...
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI) or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images. Standard X-ray imaging techniques like radiography or computed tomography (CT) rely on a decrease of the X-ray beam's intensity (attenuation) when traversing the sample, which can be measured directly with the assistance of an X-ray detector. In PCI however, the beam's phase shift caused by the sample is not measured directly, but is transformed into variations in intensity, which then can be recorded by the detector.In addition to producing projection images, PCI, like conventional transmission, can be combined with tomographic techniques to obtain the 3D distribution of the real part of the refractive index of the sample. When applied to samples that consist of atoms with low atomic number Z, PCI is more sensitive to density variations in the sample than conventional transmission-based X-ray imaging. This leads to images with improved soft tissue contrast.In the last several years, a variety of phase-contrast X-ray imaging techniques have been developed, all of which are based on the observation of interference patterns between diffracted and undiffracted waves. The most common techniques are crystal interferometry, propagation-based imaging, analyzer-based imaging, edge-illumination and grating-based imaging (see below).