Measurement of spectacle lenses: A review
... Recently freeform lenses are becoming a more suitable solution for the wearer of ophthalmic lenses, since they can be fabricated for the specific needs of the individual [5]. Free form lenses are irregular surfaces without a rotational axis, modeled with CAD software [6]. The precision of free form ...
... Recently freeform lenses are becoming a more suitable solution for the wearer of ophthalmic lenses, since they can be fabricated for the specific needs of the individual [5]. Free form lenses are irregular surfaces without a rotational axis, modeled with CAD software [6]. The precision of free form ...
Active semiconductor-based grating waveguide structures
... discrete modes can propagate. A grating on top of the waveguide couples an incident illumination plane wave to the discrete modes within the waveguide. When the grating applies only a weak perturbation to the waveguide structure, the GWS will behave as a high-quality resonator with high finesse [14] ...
... discrete modes can propagate. A grating on top of the waveguide couples an incident illumination plane wave to the discrete modes within the waveguide. When the grating applies only a weak perturbation to the waveguide structure, the GWS will behave as a high-quality resonator with high finesse [14] ...
Optical pumping of a lithium atomic beam for atom interferometry
... For the laser-atom interaction, it is necessary to minimize Doppler broadening, so as to selectively excite the chosen hyperfine components and not the other ones, and to pump all the velocity classes with almost the same efficiency: this is possible if the laser beams are perpendicular to the atomi ...
... For the laser-atom interaction, it is necessary to minimize Doppler broadening, so as to selectively excite the chosen hyperfine components and not the other ones, and to pump all the velocity classes with almost the same efficiency: this is possible if the laser beams are perpendicular to the atomi ...
Experimental methods of molecular matter
... pattern, which can be used as a ruler to measure tiny forces or molecular properties through interference fringe shifts in the presence of external fields [9, 10, 15, 39, 40]. Forces on the level of y N are easily measurable when molecules interact with external electric, magnetic or optical fields ...
... pattern, which can be used as a ruler to measure tiny forces or molecular properties through interference fringe shifts in the presence of external fields [9, 10, 15, 39, 40]. Forces on the level of y N are easily measurable when molecules interact with external electric, magnetic or optical fields ...
Channeling of neutral particles in micro
... the TER phenomenon, which is caused by the fact that the dielectric constant of almost all materials is smaller than unity in the X-ray range since d > 0, i.e., the vacuum in this region of the spectrum is more optically dense than matter. Hence, if absorption is taken into account, the reflection c ...
... the TER phenomenon, which is caused by the fact that the dielectric constant of almost all materials is smaller than unity in the X-ray range since d > 0, i.e., the vacuum in this region of the spectrum is more optically dense than matter. Hence, if absorption is taken into account, the reflection c ...
Composite optical vortices - RIT Center for Imaging Science
... caustics,5,6 and OV solitons.7,8 The center of the vortex is characterized by a dark core, within which the intensity vanishes at a point, assuming the beam is coherent.9,10 The phase front of an OV is helical, and thus the wave vectors have azimuthal components that circulate around the core.11 Owi ...
... caustics,5,6 and OV solitons.7,8 The center of the vortex is characterized by a dark core, within which the intensity vanishes at a point, assuming the beam is coherent.9,10 The phase front of an OV is helical, and thus the wave vectors have azimuthal components that circulate around the core.11 Owi ...
Defect-tolerant extreme ultraviolet nanoscale printing L. Urbanski, * A. Isoyan, A. Stein,
... the existence of defects in the mask. The working principle of this technique relies on the effect of self-imaging discovered by Talbot in the 19th century [1]. Periodic structures illuminated by coherent light create self-images at planes, called Talbot planes, located at distances determined by th ...
... the existence of defects in the mask. The working principle of this technique relies on the effect of self-imaging discovered by Talbot in the 19th century [1]. Periodic structures illuminated by coherent light create self-images at planes, called Talbot planes, located at distances determined by th ...
Basic Physical Optics
... in the sense that their dimensions are millions of times that of the wavelength of light— interference and diffraction effects are still present in the imaging process, but they occur on so small a scale as to be hardly observable to the naked eye. To a good approximation, then, with “large” objects ...
... in the sense that their dimensions are millions of times that of the wavelength of light— interference and diffraction effects are still present in the imaging process, but they occur on so small a scale as to be hardly observable to the naked eye. To a good approximation, then, with “large” objects ...
Metastable optical gratings in compound semiconductors
... Volumetric optical data storage applications require nonlinear optical materials in which optical information can be stored semipermanently, and then reversibly erased. Multiple read-and-write memory materials, such as magnetic materials used in magnetic recording, rely on reversible transformations ...
... Volumetric optical data storage applications require nonlinear optical materials in which optical information can be stored semipermanently, and then reversibly erased. Multiple read-and-write memory materials, such as magnetic materials used in magnetic recording, rely on reversible transformations ...
Numerical Analysis of Orbital Angular Momentum Based Next
... mutual opposite numbers of the two beams, their spiral directions of optical strength distributions are opposite (Fig. ...
... mutual opposite numbers of the two beams, their spiral directions of optical strength distributions are opposite (Fig. ...
The Microscope in a Computer: Image Synthesis from Three
... consideration is very thin compared to the wavelength and/or the range of illumination angles is sufficiently narrow. For example, under the thin-mask assumption (see Section 3.2) in photolithography, scattering from any plane wave from an arbitrary direction is completely determined by the scatteri ...
... consideration is very thin compared to the wavelength and/or the range of illumination angles is sufficiently narrow. For example, under the thin-mask assumption (see Section 3.2) in photolithography, scattering from any plane wave from an arbitrary direction is completely determined by the scatteri ...
McIntyre_FLCC_31Oct0..
... • Meuller Matrix maps any input Stokes vector (Sin) into output Stokes vector (Sout) ...
... • Meuller Matrix maps any input Stokes vector (Sin) into output Stokes vector (Sout) ...
Second Harmonic Generation Technique and its Applications
... Schematic representation of the second harmonic generation process. Solid lines show fundamental (0) and excited (1,2) levels of unperturbed system whereas dashed lines show virtual states. ...
... Schematic representation of the second harmonic generation process. Solid lines show fundamental (0) and excited (1,2) levels of unperturbed system whereas dashed lines show virtual states. ...
Light scattering by multiple red blood cells
... its simplest form to the scattering of a plane wave from objects in a homogeneous lossless medium. The method can be explained as follows: Consider an object that occupies the volume V. Let the index of refraction be n 1 for the object and n 2 for the surrounding medium. The incident wave is given b ...
... its simplest form to the scattering of a plane wave from objects in a homogeneous lossless medium. The method can be explained as follows: Consider an object that occupies the volume V. Let the index of refraction be n 1 for the object and n 2 for the surrounding medium. The incident wave is given b ...
engineering of complex optical fields and its
... Fig. 4-2. SOPs evolution for second order FP beam at 1). z = -10zR, 2). z = -zR, 3). z = 0, 4). z = zR and 5). z = 10zR. ................................................................................................ 37 Fig. 4-3. One slice (shown in red) of the Poincaré sphere at fixed ϕ and r/w(z) ...
... Fig. 4-2. SOPs evolution for second order FP beam at 1). z = -10zR, 2). z = -zR, 3). z = 0, 4). z = zR and 5). z = 10zR. ................................................................................................ 37 Fig. 4-3. One slice (shown in red) of the Poincaré sphere at fixed ϕ and r/w(z) ...
Orbital angular momentum: origins
... pointer shone at a door can exert a torque about the hinge, albeit not usually enough to open it! However, when we discuss orbital angular momentum we refer instead to an angular momentum component parallel to the propagation direction, z, and hence for which r × p is notionally zero [3]. In relatio ...
... pointer shone at a door can exert a torque about the hinge, albeit not usually enough to open it! However, when we discuss orbital angular momentum we refer instead to an angular momentum component parallel to the propagation direction, z, and hence for which r × p is notionally zero [3]. In relatio ...
The Balance Detector
... 50/50 beam splitter. One piece enters a Sagnac interferometer with a rubidium vapor slow-light medium, designed to slow down the different beams to different speeds. The intensity difference between the two pieces from one laser is measured with a balance detector in order to detect fluctuations in ...
... 50/50 beam splitter. One piece enters a Sagnac interferometer with a rubidium vapor slow-light medium, designed to slow down the different beams to different speeds. The intensity difference between the two pieces from one laser is measured with a balance detector in order to detect fluctuations in ...
Nonlinear effects in Silicon Waveguides
... • Experimental data in agreement with numerical predictions. ...
... • Experimental data in agreement with numerical predictions. ...
Phononic Crystal Waveguiding in GaAs Golnaz Azodi Aval
... left: Enough undercut to provide a clean lift-off . On the right: Forming continuous metal film (not enough undercut) will not allow the remover to reach the resist to have a successful lift-off. Blue is substrate, orange is resist, and gray is metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of IDT ...
... left: Enough undercut to provide a clean lift-off . On the right: Forming continuous metal film (not enough undercut) will not allow the remover to reach the resist to have a successful lift-off. Blue is substrate, orange is resist, and gray is metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of IDT ...
(1) and
... The path difference also varies with the thickness of film so that it passes through various colors for the same angle of incidence when seen in white light. The path difference changes with the angle r and angle r with change with angle i. So that the films assumes various colors when viewed from ...
... The path difference also varies with the thickness of film so that it passes through various colors for the same angle of incidence when seen in white light. The path difference changes with the angle r and angle r with change with angle i. So that the films assumes various colors when viewed from ...
1.5 MB
... system consists of a Wollaston prism working between the polarizer and the analyzer (Fig. 5). The measured light beam enters the system through the polarizer. The Wollaston prism splits the input wave into two: an ordinary and extraordinary one, so the optical field can be considered as two incident ...
... system consists of a Wollaston prism working between the polarizer and the analyzer (Fig. 5). The measured light beam enters the system through the polarizer. The Wollaston prism splits the input wave into two: an ordinary and extraordinary one, so the optical field can be considered as two incident ...
Shaping the focal intensity distribution using spatial coherence
... shown. In Fig. 6(a) two regions can be distinguished, regions where the fields are approximately co-phasal [i.e., 共0 , 0 , 0 ; x , 0 , 0 ; 兲 ⬇ 1] and regions where the fields have opposite phases [i.e., 共0 , 0 , 0 ; x , 0 , 0 ; 兲 ⬇ −1]. In between these two regions the spectral degree of coheren ...
... shown. In Fig. 6(a) two regions can be distinguished, regions where the fields are approximately co-phasal [i.e., 共0 , 0 , 0 ; x , 0 , 0 ; 兲 ⬇ 1] and regions where the fields have opposite phases [i.e., 共0 , 0 , 0 ; x , 0 , 0 ; 兲 ⬇ −1]. In between these two regions the spectral degree of coheren ...
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI) or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images. Standard X-ray imaging techniques like radiography or computed tomography (CT) rely on a decrease of the X-ray beam's intensity (attenuation) when traversing the sample, which can be measured directly with the assistance of an X-ray detector. In PCI however, the beam's phase shift caused by the sample is not measured directly, but is transformed into variations in intensity, which then can be recorded by the detector.In addition to producing projection images, PCI, like conventional transmission, can be combined with tomographic techniques to obtain the 3D distribution of the real part of the refractive index of the sample. When applied to samples that consist of atoms with low atomic number Z, PCI is more sensitive to density variations in the sample than conventional transmission-based X-ray imaging. This leads to images with improved soft tissue contrast.In the last several years, a variety of phase-contrast X-ray imaging techniques have been developed, all of which are based on the observation of interference patterns between diffracted and undiffracted waves. The most common techniques are crystal interferometry, propagation-based imaging, analyzer-based imaging, edge-illumination and grating-based imaging (see below).