Point-Light Biological Motion Perception Activates Human Premotor
... Image processing and analysis. Image preprocessing and statistical analysis were performed using Analysis of Functional Neuroimages (AFNI) (Cox, 1996), FreeSurfer (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 1999a), and Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA) software packages. For each individual subject, the B0 fiel ...
... Image processing and analysis. Image preprocessing and statistical analysis were performed using Analysis of Functional Neuroimages (AFNI) (Cox, 1996), FreeSurfer (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 1999a), and Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA) software packages. For each individual subject, the B0 fiel ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell exclusively with feedforward inputs (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). Although, in reality, V1 cells are part of a recurrent network, studying a feedforward model allows us to identif y the essential features caused by syna ...
... shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell exclusively with feedforward inputs (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). Although, in reality, V1 cells are part of a recurrent network, studying a feedforward model allows us to identif y the essential features caused by syna ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell exclusively with feedforward inputs (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). Although, in reality, V1 cells are part of a recurrent network, studying a feedforward model allows us to identif y the essential features caused by syna ...
... shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell exclusively with feedforward inputs (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). Although, in reality, V1 cells are part of a recurrent network, studying a feedforward model allows us to identif y the essential features caused by syna ...
The Effects of Short-term and Long-term Learning on the Responses
... mainly used for stimulus and unit selection. We will briefly report some results from these tasks, but our focus here will be on the main task, an active shape–saccade association task (see below). Location selectivity mapping task. In the location selectivity mapping task, a yellow fixation square ...
... mainly used for stimulus and unit selection. We will briefly report some results from these tasks, but our focus here will be on the main task, an active shape–saccade association task (see below). Location selectivity mapping task. In the location selectivity mapping task, a yellow fixation square ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... activity, and effects of changing sound pressure level (SPL). It is not clear, however, to what extent these apparent differences are due to species differences or recording methodology because in only one case (Bakin et al. 1996) were optical images verified with electrophysiological recording. For ...
... activity, and effects of changing sound pressure level (SPL). It is not clear, however, to what extent these apparent differences are due to species differences or recording methodology because in only one case (Bakin et al. 1996) were optical images verified with electrophysiological recording. For ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... activity, and effects of changing sound pressure level (SPL). It is not clear, however, to what extent these apparent differences are due to species differences or recording methodology because in only one case (Bakin et al. 1996) were optical images verified with electrophysiological recording. For ...
... activity, and effects of changing sound pressure level (SPL). It is not clear, however, to what extent these apparent differences are due to species differences or recording methodology because in only one case (Bakin et al. 1996) were optical images verified with electrophysiological recording. For ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual input. We then generalized this optimized encoding-decoding paradigm to deal with a number of robotics application in real-world tasks to investigate ...
... that, in comparison with pure linear readouts used previously, the proposed system provides a robust, fast and highly compact representation of visual input. We then generalized this optimized encoding-decoding paradigm to deal with a number of robotics application in real-world tasks to investigate ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... cytochrome oxidase staining. Thus, radiations of long horizontal axons indeed have the spatial characteristics necessary to explain horizontal activity spreads. These axons may contribute to multimodal cortical responses and various forms of cortical neural plasticity. Keywords Barrel cortex Horiz ...
... cytochrome oxidase staining. Thus, radiations of long horizontal axons indeed have the spatial characteristics necessary to explain horizontal activity spreads. These axons may contribute to multimodal cortical responses and various forms of cortical neural plasticity. Keywords Barrel cortex Horiz ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Although the prominent cell bands seen in Nissl sections do not represent individual orientation columns, they ...
... columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Although the prominent cell bands seen in Nissl sections do not represent individual orientation columns, they ...
The Optic Tectum of Birds - Department of Psychology
... 2006). See text for a detailed description. In all figures the photomicrographs are of coronal sections, the left side is lateral. A ⫽ anterior; P ⫽ posterior; D ⫽ dorsal; V ⫽ ventral. Scale bars: 600 m in (A); 200 m in (B–D). ...
... 2006). See text for a detailed description. In all figures the photomicrographs are of coronal sections, the left side is lateral. A ⫽ anterior; P ⫽ posterior; D ⫽ dorsal; V ⫽ ventral. Scale bars: 600 m in (A); 200 m in (B–D). ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... lar (Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Morecraft et al., 1992). The above characteristics apply to posterior medial areas, which collectively make up the limbic component of the medial prefrontal region (Barbas and Pandya, 1989). There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial pre ...
... lar (Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Morecraft et al., 1992). The above characteristics apply to posterior medial areas, which collectively make up the limbic component of the medial prefrontal region (Barbas and Pandya, 1989). There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial pre ...
Prefrontal Activation Deficits During Episodic Memory in
... hypothesis, structural and molecular hippocampal abnormalities have been documented in schizophrenia (10,11). However, these patients do not exhibit the classic amnesic syndrome typical of medial temporal lobe dysfunction (12,13), suggesting that regions beyond this lobe may contribute to memory def ...
... hypothesis, structural and molecular hippocampal abnormalities have been documented in schizophrenia (10,11). However, these patients do not exhibit the classic amnesic syndrome typical of medial temporal lobe dysfunction (12,13), suggesting that regions beyond this lobe may contribute to memory def ...
Brain regions involved in heading estimation and steering control in
... The brain regions required for judging heading direction and actively steering towards a goal could be damaged by stroke. Identifying the neural correlates responsible for goal-directed locomotion is important for the understanding of the mechanism underlying neuroplasticity and functional recovery. ...
... The brain regions required for judging heading direction and actively steering towards a goal could be damaged by stroke. Identifying the neural correlates responsible for goal-directed locomotion is important for the understanding of the mechanism underlying neuroplasticity and functional recovery. ...
Multiple routes to memory: Distinct medial
... which is specific to declarative or explicit memory (2, 3), appears both during attempts to recall past events as well as when recognition of previously encountered stimuli is required. Subsequent investigations of the memory impairment in human amnesia, as well as in animal models, have led to adva ...
... which is specific to declarative or explicit memory (2, 3), appears both during attempts to recall past events as well as when recognition of previously encountered stimuli is required. Subsequent investigations of the memory impairment in human amnesia, as well as in animal models, have led to adva ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... to observe our main findings; the results were essentially the same when the spike rate varied from 1 to 10 spikes/s. To illustrate temporal storage capacity in baseline activity in an intuitive manner, we separated all trials into three groups (high, medium, and low activity) according to the spike ...
... to observe our main findings; the results were essentially the same when the spike rate varied from 1 to 10 spikes/s. To illustrate temporal storage capacity in baseline activity in an intuitive manner, we separated all trials into three groups (high, medium, and low activity) according to the spike ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... Traditionally, the pulvinar complex of the dorsal thalamus has been divided into the inferior, lateral, medial and, sometimes, anterior divisions (see Kaas & Huerta, 1988). Although all of these large divisions probably have functionally significant subdivisions, the most compelling evidence has bee ...
... Traditionally, the pulvinar complex of the dorsal thalamus has been divided into the inferior, lateral, medial and, sometimes, anterior divisions (see Kaas & Huerta, 1988). Although all of these large divisions probably have functionally significant subdivisions, the most compelling evidence has bee ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... the specialized connection of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex with the amygdala, which has a key role in emotional processes. Excitatory Prefrontal Pathways In primates, the pathways that link a given cortical area with other cortical or subcortical structures are excitatory glutamatergic pathway ...
... the specialized connection of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex with the amygdala, which has a key role in emotional processes. Excitatory Prefrontal Pathways In primates, the pathways that link a given cortical area with other cortical or subcortical structures are excitatory glutamatergic pathway ...
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of
... Previous animal studies have reported that S2 receives topographic projections from ipsilateral S1 in monkeys (Jones et al., 1975, 1978; Friedman and Murray, 1986), cats (Jones and Powell, 1968; Manzoni et al., 1979; Burton and Kopf, 1984), tree shrews (Weller et al., 1987), squirrels (Krubitzer et ...
... Previous animal studies have reported that S2 receives topographic projections from ipsilateral S1 in monkeys (Jones et al., 1975, 1978; Friedman and Murray, 1986), cats (Jones and Powell, 1968; Manzoni et al., 1979; Burton and Kopf, 1984), tree shrews (Weller et al., 1987), squirrels (Krubitzer et ...
Magnitude of the Object Recognition Deficit
... corresponds to the total time (in seconds) exploring the novel object minus the total time exploring the familiar object (i.e., the sample object). The discrimination ratio, D2 (Ennaceur & Delacour, 1988) is the difference in time spent exploring the novel and familiar objects divided by the total t ...
... corresponds to the total time (in seconds) exploring the novel object minus the total time exploring the familiar object (i.e., the sample object). The discrimination ratio, D2 (Ennaceur & Delacour, 1988) is the difference in time spent exploring the novel and familiar objects divided by the total t ...
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
... Our analysis of 1615 connections, including 36% that we consider to be NFP, reveals a high density of cortico-cortical connectivity (66%) and an unexpectedly high incidence (33%) of potentially unidirectional pathways, of which one-third (10% of the total) were shown to originate from corresponding ...
... Our analysis of 1615 connections, including 36% that we consider to be NFP, reveals a high density of cortico-cortical connectivity (66%) and an unexpectedly high incidence (33%) of potentially unidirectional pathways, of which one-third (10% of the total) were shown to originate from corresponding ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... most sensory-motor and association zones, and lowest within the primary visual and visual association areas of the occipital lobe. In general, supragranular cortical layers contained a higher density of cholinergic fibers, and most of these were oriented vertically. In Alzheimer's disease, an overal ...
... most sensory-motor and association zones, and lowest within the primary visual and visual association areas of the occipital lobe. In general, supragranular cortical layers contained a higher density of cholinergic fibers, and most of these were oriented vertically. In Alzheimer's disease, an overal ...
Vdhjections InducedInto the Auditory Pathway of Ferrets. I
... subject of intense examination. However, it is not known whether cortical cells in different sensory cortices process information in a way that is specific to the modality of their input, or whether there are commonalities in processing circuitry across different cortices. In our laboratory, this qu ...
... subject of intense examination. However, it is not known whether cortical cells in different sensory cortices process information in a way that is specific to the modality of their input, or whether there are commonalities in processing circuitry across different cortices. In our laboratory, this qu ...
Hubel 1977_Small
... different destinations: to other nearby cortical regions such as area 18, to the optic tectum, and, in a recurrent path, to the lateral geniculate bodies. The striate cortex should thus not be regarded in any sense as the end of the visual path - in fact it is probably very close to the beginning, a ...
... different destinations: to other nearby cortical regions such as area 18, to the optic tectum, and, in a recurrent path, to the lateral geniculate bodies. The striate cortex should thus not be regarded in any sense as the end of the visual path - in fact it is probably very close to the beginning, a ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... ABSTRACT: The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with encoding the significance of stimuli within an emotional context, and its connections can be understood in this light. This large cortical region is architectonically heterogeneous, but its connections and functions can be summarized by a broad g ...
... ABSTRACT: The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with encoding the significance of stimuli within an emotional context, and its connections can be understood in this light. This large cortical region is architectonically heterogeneous, but its connections and functions can be summarized by a broad g ...
Dissociating Hippocampal Subregions: A Double
... separation may be facilitated by projections from the entorhinal cortex to CA1 and also across connections between CA3 and CA1. Thus, all three models suggest that pattern separation may be a function of the dentate gyrus; however, Shapiro and Olton (1994) also suggested that CA1 may separate patter ...
... separation may be facilitated by projections from the entorhinal cortex to CA1 and also across connections between CA3 and CA1. Thus, all three models suggest that pattern separation may be a function of the dentate gyrus; however, Shapiro and Olton (1994) also suggested that CA1 may separate patter ...
Inferior temporal gyrus
The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal gyrus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception, and in the recognition of numbers.The inferior temporal gyrus is the anterior region of the temporal lobe located underneath the central temporal sulcus. The primary function of the inferior temporal gyrus - otherwise referenced as IT cortex - is associated with visual stimuli processing, namely visual object recognition, and has been suggested by recent experimental results as the final location of the ventral cortical visual system. The IT cortex in humans is also known as the Inferior Temporal Gyrus since it has been located to a specific region of the human temporal lobe. The IT processes visual stimuli of objects in our field of vision, and is involved with memory and memory recall to identify that object; it is involved with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli amplified in the V1, V2, V3, and V4 regions of the occipital lobe. This region processes the color and form of the object in the visual field and is responsible for producing the “what” from this visual stimuli, or in other words identifying the object based on the color and form of the object and comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify that object.The IT cortex’s neurological significance is not just its contribution to the processing of visual stimuli in object recognition but also has been found to be a vital area with regards to simple processing of the visual field, difficulties with perceptual tasks and spatial awareness, and the location of unique single cells that possibly explain the IT cortex’s relation to memory.