Resting-State Connectivity Predictors of Response to
... the amygdala to be part of the SN based on the work of Seely et al (2007) who demonstrated an independent network distinct from the ECN and the DMN that is comprised of the anterior insula, dACC, amygdala, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area, and thalamus, as well as studies showing anatomical c ...
... the amygdala to be part of the SN based on the work of Seely et al (2007) who demonstrated an independent network distinct from the ECN and the DMN that is comprised of the anterior insula, dACC, amygdala, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area, and thalamus, as well as studies showing anatomical c ...
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... areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary auditory subfield R), and high-to-low (rostrotemporal primary auditory subfield RT) frequencies, wi ...
... areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary auditory subfield R), and high-to-low (rostrotemporal primary auditory subfield RT) frequencies, wi ...
cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... tissue density, such as the increased presence of cellular structures. The possible mechanisms to affect MD include capillaries, synapses, spines and macromolecular proteins; properties of myelin, membrane and axon; the shape of neurons or glia; or enhanced tissue organization, but MD is not specific ...
... tissue density, such as the increased presence of cellular structures. The possible mechanisms to affect MD include capillaries, synapses, spines and macromolecular proteins; properties of myelin, membrane and axon; the shape of neurons or glia; or enhanced tissue organization, but MD is not specific ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... responses are shown. Each subject was run with a random order of the different EV trial sets. (b) The percentage of choices to the right as a function of the EV on the right (mean ± standard error of mean across all the subjects for the last 10 trials in a set). The EV for a left choice was 9 pence, ...
... responses are shown. Each subject was run with a random order of the different EV trial sets. (b) The percentage of choices to the right as a function of the EV on the right (mean ± standard error of mean across all the subjects for the last 10 trials in a set). The EV for a left choice was 9 pence, ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and depth of a surface patch. Much of this information is ambiguous and is compatible with many different interpretations of the overall scene. In mathematical terms, ...
... nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and depth of a surface patch. Much of this information is ambiguous and is compatible with many different interpretations of the overall scene. In mathematical terms, ...
Cortical Parcellations of the Macaque Monkey
... Kolster et al. 2009) and target (F99 atlas) spheres after resampling to match the number of contour points in corresponding source and target landmarks. (C) Expanded views of surface mesh in the calcarine sulcus, showing landmark nodes (red) intercalated into the 74 k node spherical mesh. The surfac ...
... Kolster et al. 2009) and target (F99 atlas) spheres after resampling to match the number of contour points in corresponding source and target landmarks. (C) Expanded views of surface mesh in the calcarine sulcus, showing landmark nodes (red) intercalated into the 74 k node spherical mesh. The surfac ...
Measuring Cortical Thickness - McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
... this approach finds the shortest line from the cortical surface to the grey and white matter boundary - though the direction which that line could take may be constrained. The use of this straight-line method was initially implemented in the study of post-mortem specimen, where the investigator woul ...
... this approach finds the shortest line from the cortical surface to the grey and white matter boundary - though the direction which that line could take may be constrained. The use of this straight-line method was initially implemented in the study of post-mortem specimen, where the investigator woul ...
Repetition suppression - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... be absent in other species. These issues are therefore particularly pertinent when investigating complex cognitive processes and neuropsychiatric pathology, which cannot be modelled in animals. Rather, we must develop ways to indirectly measure neural activity in the human brain using non-invasive t ...
... be absent in other species. These issues are therefore particularly pertinent when investigating complex cognitive processes and neuropsychiatric pathology, which cannot be modelled in animals. Rather, we must develop ways to indirectly measure neural activity in the human brain using non-invasive t ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... Three sets of visual stimuli were used. 1) A small gray dot (0.5° in visual angle) was used as fixation spot. This was located directly in front of the monkeys at the center of the screen. 2) Eight twodimensional (8.5 ⫻ 8.5°) black-and-white patterns were used as stimuli presented in the DMS trials ...
... Three sets of visual stimuli were used. 1) A small gray dot (0.5° in visual angle) was used as fixation spot. This was located directly in front of the monkeys at the center of the screen. 2) Eight twodimensional (8.5 ⫻ 8.5°) black-and-white patterns were used as stimuli presented in the DMS trials ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... and briskly in every trial. Neurons in RQ category 2 show some response variability from trial to trial, but their receptive fields are still easily defined with hand mapping. Cells assigned to RQ category 1 respond only sluggishly to light, do not respond in every trial, and often require computer ...
... and briskly in every trial. Neurons in RQ category 2 show some response variability from trial to trial, but their receptive fields are still easily defined with hand mapping. Cells assigned to RQ category 1 respond only sluggishly to light, do not respond in every trial, and often require computer ...
KIDS, Inc. - School Neuropsych
... • The cerebral cortex is a thin layer of cells about 1.5 to 4 mm thick. • The cortex provides the connections and pathways for the highest cognitive functions, such as language and abstract thinking. • The cerebral cortex contains about 25 billion neurons, more than 62,000 miles of axons, and ...
... • The cerebral cortex is a thin layer of cells about 1.5 to 4 mm thick. • The cortex provides the connections and pathways for the highest cognitive functions, such as language and abstract thinking. • The cerebral cortex contains about 25 billion neurons, more than 62,000 miles of axons, and ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... (142, 157, 158, 188), and umami, as exemplified by monosodium glutamate (MSG) (2, 120), but also other neurons that encode oral somatosensory stimuli, including viscosity, fat texture, and temperature as well as capsaicin (found in hot peppers) (176). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond ...
... (142, 157, 158, 188), and umami, as exemplified by monosodium glutamate (MSG) (2, 120), but also other neurons that encode oral somatosensory stimuli, including viscosity, fat texture, and temperature as well as capsaicin (found in hot peppers) (176). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond ...
Functional Properties of Neurons in Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... great majority of MT neurons (16, 6 1). Although this suggests that MT may somehow be involved in the analysis of motion, it does not resolve the nature of the processing actually occurring within MT nor does it identify which specific aspects of motion analysis might be served. Motion analysis is a ...
... great majority of MT neurons (16, 6 1). Although this suggests that MT may somehow be involved in the analysis of motion, it does not resolve the nature of the processing actually occurring within MT nor does it identify which specific aspects of motion analysis might be served. Motion analysis is a ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... (Figure 1, top; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 1999a,b). These areas receive pathways from auditory association cortices from a restricted and more caudal part of STG, within the parabelt and belt areas (Figure 1, top; Barbas and Mesulam, 1981, 1985; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 19 ...
... (Figure 1, top; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 1999a,b). These areas receive pathways from auditory association cortices from a restricted and more caudal part of STG, within the parabelt and belt areas (Figure 1, top; Barbas and Mesulam, 1981, 1985; Hackett et al., 1999; Romanski et al., 19 ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... beginning of this revolution was due partly to patient called HM, who underwent surgery for epilepsy during which the medial portions of the temporal lobes were removed bilaterally (Scoville and Milner 1957). After this operation, HM was unable to store and retrieve new information about events. The ...
... beginning of this revolution was due partly to patient called HM, who underwent surgery for epilepsy during which the medial portions of the temporal lobes were removed bilaterally (Scoville and Milner 1957). After this operation, HM was unable to store and retrieve new information about events. The ...
Imaging development and plasticity in the mouse visual system
... environmental challenges, external cues and experiences should take their part in setting up and shaping a precisely connected nervous system. Thus, particularly in higher-order organisms, experience and learning play an important role in development and throughout life. Despite great effort, the de ...
... environmental challenges, external cues and experiences should take their part in setting up and shaping a precisely connected nervous system. Thus, particularly in higher-order organisms, experience and learning play an important role in development and throughout life. Despite great effort, the de ...
Contrasting early visual cortical activation states causally involved in
... very recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, participants were engaged in an STM task requiring the retention of either the color or the orientation of a stimulus for subsequent comparison with a second stimulus (Serences et al., 2009). They found activation associated with the me ...
... very recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, participants were engaged in an STM task requiring the retention of either the color or the orientation of a stimulus for subsequent comparison with a second stimulus (Serences et al., 2009). They found activation associated with the me ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... scale. Recent studies indicate that temporal processing may not be centralized in one single brain structure but rather occurs across different specialized areas [6–8]. Temporal prediction can be induced by stimuli or events and also by the passing of time itself [9]. This fact is characterized by t ...
... scale. Recent studies indicate that temporal processing may not be centralized in one single brain structure but rather occurs across different specialized areas [6–8]. Temporal prediction can be induced by stimuli or events and also by the passing of time itself [9]. This fact is characterized by t ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
... interactive approach will provide mechanistic ideas ‘how’ the cortical machinery might work. However, in order to decide between different mechanistic hypotheses of cortical function the question of ‘what’ is achieved by cortical processing will become increasingly important. For sensory systems thi ...
... interactive approach will provide mechanistic ideas ‘how’ the cortical machinery might work. However, in order to decide between different mechanistic hypotheses of cortical function the question of ‘what’ is achieved by cortical processing will become increasingly important. For sensory systems thi ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... others 2001, 2004). Using a wide array of stimuli, it has been shown that a consistent feature of these areas is a preferential activation to face images compared with other object categories, although the exact role of such selectivity is still debated (Kanwisher and others 1997; Gauthier and other ...
... others 2001, 2004). Using a wide array of stimuli, it has been shown that a consistent feature of these areas is a preferential activation to face images compared with other object categories, although the exact role of such selectivity is still debated (Kanwisher and others 1997; Gauthier and other ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... Forty-three human subjects were instructed to attentively monitor a visual stimulus for unpredictable changes, in order to engage both bottom-up and top-down influences. This paradigm reliably induces gamma-band activity in visual cortex (Hoogenboom et al., 2006). While subjects fixated centrally, a ...
... Forty-three human subjects were instructed to attentively monitor a visual stimulus for unpredictable changes, in order to engage both bottom-up and top-down influences. This paradigm reliably induces gamma-band activity in visual cortex (Hoogenboom et al., 2006). While subjects fixated centrally, a ...
Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... order to remember which customers or garbage cans were visited in a given time period). The context-sensitive properties of the spiking activity in the hippocampus may provide physiological mechanisms for this process. Some hippocampal neurons (‘splitter cells’ or ‘episodic cells’) fire selectively ...
... order to remember which customers or garbage cans were visited in a given time period). The context-sensitive properties of the spiking activity in the hippocampus may provide physiological mechanisms for this process. Some hippocampal neurons (‘splitter cells’ or ‘episodic cells’) fire selectively ...
The Auditory System
... nuclei, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the contralateral auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Each MGB is bilaterally innervated, so that each hemisphere receives cochlear input bilaterally. All of the components of the auditory pathw ...
... nuclei, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the contralateral auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Each MGB is bilaterally innervated, so that each hemisphere receives cochlear input bilaterally. All of the components of the auditory pathw ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... that one could “remove considerable masses of cerebellar tissue without producing any apparent deficits. Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that these intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious d ...
... that one could “remove considerable masses of cerebellar tissue without producing any apparent deficits. Now how are we going to explain that fact?” he wondered. ”One cannot help but feel that these intricate relay systems exert very subtle influences which, when withdrawn, produce no very obvious d ...
Inferior temporal gyrus
The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal gyrus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception, and in the recognition of numbers.The inferior temporal gyrus is the anterior region of the temporal lobe located underneath the central temporal sulcus. The primary function of the inferior temporal gyrus - otherwise referenced as IT cortex - is associated with visual stimuli processing, namely visual object recognition, and has been suggested by recent experimental results as the final location of the ventral cortical visual system. The IT cortex in humans is also known as the Inferior Temporal Gyrus since it has been located to a specific region of the human temporal lobe. The IT processes visual stimuli of objects in our field of vision, and is involved with memory and memory recall to identify that object; it is involved with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli amplified in the V1, V2, V3, and V4 regions of the occipital lobe. This region processes the color and form of the object in the visual field and is responsible for producing the “what” from this visual stimuli, or in other words identifying the object based on the color and form of the object and comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify that object.The IT cortex’s neurological significance is not just its contribution to the processing of visual stimuli in object recognition but also has been found to be a vital area with regards to simple processing of the visual field, difficulties with perceptual tasks and spatial awareness, and the location of unique single cells that possibly explain the IT cortex’s relation to memory.