Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... 4.1. Control of attention The attention –inhibition process (Smith and Jonides, 1999) or the capacity to switch attention from one source to another (Baddeley and Della Sala, 1998) can be best observed when two processes or stimuli are in conflict. Under these conditions, one needs to exert active i ...
... 4.1. Control of attention The attention –inhibition process (Smith and Jonides, 1999) or the capacity to switch attention from one source to another (Baddeley and Della Sala, 1998) can be best observed when two processes or stimuli are in conflict. Under these conditions, one needs to exert active i ...
the functional properties of the light
... hand and eye within the immediately surrounding behavioral space and, more generally, with maintaining relations between internal bodily and external spatial coordinate systems. There is considerable evidence to suggest that this area, together with the cortical and subcortical structures with which ...
... hand and eye within the immediately surrounding behavioral space and, more generally, with maintaining relations between internal bodily and external spatial coordinate systems. There is considerable evidence to suggest that this area, together with the cortical and subcortical structures with which ...
The affective and cognitive processing of touch, oral texture, and
... et al., 2008b). Activations in the lateral and some more anterior parts of the orbitofrontal cortex were correlated with the unpleasantness of the stimuli. In contrast, activations in the somatosensory cortex and ventral posterior insula were correlated with the intensity but not the pleasantness of ...
... et al., 2008b). Activations in the lateral and some more anterior parts of the orbitofrontal cortex were correlated with the unpleasantness of the stimuli. In contrast, activations in the somatosensory cortex and ventral posterior insula were correlated with the intensity but not the pleasantness of ...
Words and pictures in the left fusiform gyrus
... The existence of a cerebral area solely dedicated to processing of abstract letter or word forms, as well as the suggested name, has been challenged both on theoretical and empirical grounds (Price and Devlin, 2003, 2004), and it is still not clear which role this area might play in recognition of w ...
... The existence of a cerebral area solely dedicated to processing of abstract letter or word forms, as well as the suggested name, has been challenged both on theoretical and empirical grounds (Price and Devlin, 2003, 2004), and it is still not clear which role this area might play in recognition of w ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbitofrontal olfactory representations are formed and operate in pri ...
... by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbitofrontal olfactory representations are formed and operate in pri ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... Behavioral tasks employed in the laboratory, though, can often fall short of the demands of the real world. Most investigations of the role of IT neurons in memory have employed tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are p ...
... Behavioral tasks employed in the laboratory, though, can often fall short of the demands of the real world. Most investigations of the role of IT neurons in memory have employed tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are p ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... complication of signals spreading through other connectivity. In retrospect, given the rich, network-like connectivity within the motor system, this hope of picking out a single descending pathway by activating small groups of neurons for short durations seems naive. In other neural systems, the use ...
... complication of signals spreading through other connectivity. In retrospect, given the rich, network-like connectivity within the motor system, this hope of picking out a single descending pathway by activating small groups of neurons for short durations seems naive. In other neural systems, the use ...
Edward Jones
... year in high school. It was a decision of some moment. No member of my family had ever attended University and my mother, as a child of the working class, was against it on the grounds that I would be taking myself out of that class. Expense was not an issue, for one of the remarkable things about N ...
... year in high school. It was a decision of some moment. No member of my family had ever attended University and my mother, as a child of the working class, was against it on the grounds that I would be taking myself out of that class. Expense was not an issue, for one of the remarkable things about N ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... the first time (Siegfried 1961), others (Aubert 1970; Aubert and Legros 1971; Korn and Masson 1963; Massion et al. 1966) clearly differentiated the evoked potential in the lateral sigmoid gyrus, at the lateral extent of sensorimotor cortex, from the evoked potential focus in the orbital gyrus, which ...
... the first time (Siegfried 1961), others (Aubert 1970; Aubert and Legros 1971; Korn and Masson 1963; Massion et al. 1966) clearly differentiated the evoked potential in the lateral sigmoid gyrus, at the lateral extent of sensorimotor cortex, from the evoked potential focus in the orbital gyrus, which ...
New Features of Connectivity in Piriform Cortex Visualized by
... patterns of neighboring injected cells. Analysis of axonal branching patterns, bouton distributions, and dendritic arbors suggested that each pyramidal cell makes a small number of synaptic contacts on a large number (⬎1000) of other cells in piriform cortex at dis- ...
... patterns of neighboring injected cells. Analysis of axonal branching patterns, bouton distributions, and dendritic arbors suggested that each pyramidal cell makes a small number of synaptic contacts on a large number (⬎1000) of other cells in piriform cortex at dis- ...
This article was originally published in the
... Subsequent studies have shown that an ERN is also generated on trials in which there is a high probability of error, but no error actually occurs. These trials are characterized as having high conflict, defined as the tension between two or more incompatible competing motor responses. For example, i ...
... Subsequent studies have shown that an ERN is also generated on trials in which there is a high probability of error, but no error actually occurs. These trials are characterized as having high conflict, defined as the tension between two or more incompatible competing motor responses. For example, i ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... 1969) have shown that the taste of glutamate [as its sodium salt monosodium glutamate (MSG)] cannot be reduced to any of the other four basic tastes. Specific receptors for glutamate in lingual tissue with taste buds have been also recently found (Chaudhari et al. 2000). Umami taste is found in a di ...
... 1969) have shown that the taste of glutamate [as its sodium salt monosodium glutamate (MSG)] cannot be reduced to any of the other four basic tastes. Specific receptors for glutamate in lingual tissue with taste buds have been also recently found (Chaudhari et al. 2000). Umami taste is found in a di ...
color vision - UCSD Psychology
... photons absorbed by each cone. The reduction to three dimensions results in a loss of wavelength information. Photons of different wavelength have different likelihoods of being absorbed by the three cone classes, denoted long- (L-), middle(M-), and short-wavelength-sensitive- (S-) cones. Once absor ...
... photons absorbed by each cone. The reduction to three dimensions results in a loss of wavelength information. Photons of different wavelength have different likelihoods of being absorbed by the three cone classes, denoted long- (L-), middle(M-), and short-wavelength-sensitive- (S-) cones. Once absor ...
Functional Sub-regions for Optic Flow Processing in the
... centrally located RFs, tested both when the origin of motion was within the RF or at the area centralis, responses were generally comparable whether or not size or speed gradients were removed from the optic flow pattern. A different tendency was observed for peripherally located RFs. In general, th ...
... centrally located RFs, tested both when the origin of motion was within the RF or at the area centralis, responses were generally comparable whether or not size or speed gradients were removed from the optic flow pattern. A different tendency was observed for peripherally located RFs. In general, th ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... visual cortical area MT (Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), inferotemporal cortex (Zoccolan et al. 2005), and primary auditory cortex (e.g., Rabinowitz et al. 2011), multisensory integration in MST (Ohshiro et al. 2011), the representation of value in LIP (Louie and Glimcher 2010), responses of neurons in ...
... visual cortical area MT (Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), inferotemporal cortex (Zoccolan et al. 2005), and primary auditory cortex (e.g., Rabinowitz et al. 2011), multisensory integration in MST (Ohshiro et al. 2011), the representation of value in LIP (Louie and Glimcher 2010), responses of neurons in ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
Visuomotor Functions in the Frontal Lobe
... and Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203; ...
... and Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203; ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... (Sl) and area S2 are recognized by their typical myelin dense appearance (Fig. 1A). The border between these two areas was determined according to Nissl stain cytoarchitecture (Welker, '71, '76; Welker and Sinha, '721, and by the lateral callosal band of labeling through which the border passed (Fig ...
... (Sl) and area S2 are recognized by their typical myelin dense appearance (Fig. 1A). The border between these two areas was determined according to Nissl stain cytoarchitecture (Welker, '71, '76; Welker and Sinha, '721, and by the lateral callosal band of labeling through which the border passed (Fig ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT
... 1940s, however, it became clear that considerably more of the cortex was involved in vision. The first demonstration came from temporal lobe lesions that produced visual impairment (Mishkin 1954, Mishkin & Pribram 1954) unaccompanied by deficits in other sensory modalities (Weiskrantz & Mishkin 1958, ...
... 1940s, however, it became clear that considerably more of the cortex was involved in vision. The first demonstration came from temporal lobe lesions that produced visual impairment (Mishkin 1954, Mishkin & Pribram 1954) unaccompanied by deficits in other sensory modalities (Weiskrantz & Mishkin 1958, ...
The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... The contribution of the cerebellum to the modulation of cognition and emotion is facilitated by the connections between the cerebellum and brain structures known to be associated with a wide array of non-motor behaviors. The cerebellum has interconnections with brainstem and thalamic reticular syste ...
... The contribution of the cerebellum to the modulation of cognition and emotion is facilitated by the connections between the cerebellum and brain structures known to be associated with a wide array of non-motor behaviors. The cerebellum has interconnections with brainstem and thalamic reticular syste ...
Molecular Analysis of Developmental Plasticity in Neocortex
... Sretavan and Shatz, 1986). In this context, an appropriate connection is defined as a connection where pre- and postsynaptic activity are correlated—in other words, a Hebbian synapse (Fregnac et al., 1988; Shulz and Fregnac, 1992; Stryker and Strickland, 1984). In principle, the Hebbian synapse hypo ...
... Sretavan and Shatz, 1986). In this context, an appropriate connection is defined as a connection where pre- and postsynaptic activity are correlated—in other words, a Hebbian synapse (Fregnac et al., 1988; Shulz and Fregnac, 1992; Stryker and Strickland, 1984). In principle, the Hebbian synapse hypo ...
A Neural Circuit Basis for Spatial Working Memory
... studies shed light on this apparent discrepancy. It has now been demonstrated that the object selectivity observed in dorsolateral prefrontal neurons could be accounted for by broad but significant tuning to stimulus shape already present at the level of the posterior parietal cortex (Sereno and Mau ...
... studies shed light on this apparent discrepancy. It has now been demonstrated that the object selectivity observed in dorsolateral prefrontal neurons could be accounted for by broad but significant tuning to stimulus shape already present at the level of the posterior parietal cortex (Sereno and Mau ...
Functional circuitry underlying visual neglect
... with neglect has proven difficult owing to lesion variations and the emergence of neural and behavioural compensations following neglect-inducing damage to posterior parietal cortex. The detailed study of neglect requires a stable experimental model of the syndrome. To that end, we have studied the ...
... with neglect has proven difficult owing to lesion variations and the emergence of neural and behavioural compensations following neglect-inducing damage to posterior parietal cortex. The detailed study of neglect requires a stable experimental model of the syndrome. To that end, we have studied the ...
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
... 1940s, however, it became clear that considerably more of the cortex was involved in vision. The first demonstration came from temporal lobe lesions that produced visual impairment (Mishkin 1954, Mishkin & Pribram 1954) unaccompanied by deficits in other sensory modalities (Weiskrantz & Mishkin 1958, ...
... 1940s, however, it became clear that considerably more of the cortex was involved in vision. The first demonstration came from temporal lobe lesions that produced visual impairment (Mishkin 1954, Mishkin & Pribram 1954) unaccompanied by deficits in other sensory modalities (Weiskrantz & Mishkin 1958, ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
Inferior temporal gyrus
The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal gyrus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception, and in the recognition of numbers.The inferior temporal gyrus is the anterior region of the temporal lobe located underneath the central temporal sulcus. The primary function of the inferior temporal gyrus - otherwise referenced as IT cortex - is associated with visual stimuli processing, namely visual object recognition, and has been suggested by recent experimental results as the final location of the ventral cortical visual system. The IT cortex in humans is also known as the Inferior Temporal Gyrus since it has been located to a specific region of the human temporal lobe. The IT processes visual stimuli of objects in our field of vision, and is involved with memory and memory recall to identify that object; it is involved with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli amplified in the V1, V2, V3, and V4 regions of the occipital lobe. This region processes the color and form of the object in the visual field and is responsible for producing the “what” from this visual stimuli, or in other words identifying the object based on the color and form of the object and comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify that object.The IT cortex’s neurological significance is not just its contribution to the processing of visual stimuli in object recognition but also has been found to be a vital area with regards to simple processing of the visual field, difficulties with perceptual tasks and spatial awareness, and the location of unique single cells that possibly explain the IT cortex’s relation to memory.