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Release of neurotransmitters from glia
Release of neurotransmitters from glia

... AMPA receptor subunit, GluR2 in the BG, thereby causing BG cell process retraction as described in 2001 by Iino et al. ...
NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

... in several forms of synaptic regulation. Acting via cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), they prevent communicaton between postsynaptic target cell and its presynaptic input. Endocannabinoids are retrograde signals that are released from postsynaptic neuron in response to depolarization and elevated ...
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters

... • Sometimes there is a decrease in the number of receptors for a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic neuron due to long-term exposure to the neurotransmitter. This is called downregulation. • Neurotransmitters can be classified into 4 major groups: 1. Amino acids (eg, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric ...
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... membrane potential becomes more positive more sodium channels open  Even more sodium ions enter the cells  membrane potential even more positive  and so on == Positive feedback loop == explosion == gun powder ...
e.4.1 state that some presynaptic neurons excite post synaptic
e.4.1 state that some presynaptic neurons excite post synaptic

... -Inhibits _________________ by binding to __________________ -GABA cannot _______________ -__________ dopamine is released -___________ post-synaptic transmission Effect on mood/behavior -Enhanced feelings of __________ (dopamine is a “pleasure” NT) ...
Lecture 3 NS_2015
Lecture 3 NS_2015

... Step 5: The transmitter is released into the extracellular space in quantized amounts and diffuses passively across the synaptic cleft (20-30 nm thick). Step 6: Some of the transmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, and the activated receptors trigger some postsynaptic eve ...
Action_ Resting_Potential
Action_ Resting_Potential

... When something stimulates a neuron, gates, or channels, in the cell membrane open up, letting in positively charged sodium ions. For a limited time, there are more positively charged ions inside than in the resting state. This creates an action potential, which is a short-lived change in electric ch ...
C8003 Psychobiology sample paper 2016-17
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It is known that in humans, as in all vertebrates, the central and

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E4 - Neurotransmitters and Synapses - IBDPBiology-Dnl

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Synapses and Synaptic Transmission
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... differences are in the field parameters, which are overlapping by default, and the existence of inhibitory synapses between the three neurons. These synapses are part of a system known as lateral inhibition, in which neighboring receptive fields can often turn each other off in order to increase con ...
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

... •nAChR open cation channels which pass Na+ and K+. Net Na+ ion influx which depolarizes postsynaptic cell. •mAChR are G-protein coupled channels linked to 2nd messengers or gated to K+ channels. The tissue response varies with receptor subtype. ...
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... makes the behavior become more frequent. • punishing stimulus – An aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent. • motor learning – Learning to make a new response. ...
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... On a more serious note, there is a link between acetylcholine and Alzheimer's disease: There is something on the order of a 90% loss of acetylcholine in the brains of people suffering from Alzheimer's, which is a major cause of senility. Norepinephrine (excitatory) Norepinephrine is strongly associa ...
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... result of their habit – that’s the same as 13 people per hour!  Smoking kills around five times more people in the UK than road traffic accidents, other accidents, poisoning and overdose, alcoholic liver disease, murder and manslaughter, suicide and HIV infection all put together!  About half of a ...
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... – Not enough for threshold – Neurons become facilitated • Membrane potential reaches near the threshold but not enough for firing • Quicker response to the stimuli ...
Neurophysiology Worksheet
Neurophysiology Worksheet

... chemically gated Na+ or Cl- channels. These chemically gated channels eventually lead to depolarization or hyperpolarization of the post synaptic cell. Acetylcholine, commonly abbreviated Ach, can have one of two effects on a cell. If the cell is excitatory receptors, they called nicotinic receptors ...
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phys chapter 45 [10-24

... o Plays role in summation of signals entering neuron from multiple sources Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) – positive increase in voltage above resting potential; measured as difference between it and resting potential (EPSP of +20 would be increasing a normal cell with resting potential -6 ...
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SKZ Hx Ebefrenia Catatonia Demenza paranoide Demenza precox

... inhibition provided by GABAergic inputs to the perisomatic region of pyramidal cells Perisomatic inhibitory inputs to pyramidal neurons are furnished primarily by GABAergic ...
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Long-term depression

Long-term depression (LTD), in neurophysiology, is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. LTD occurs in many areas of the CNS with varying mechanisms depending upon brain region and developmental progress. LTD in the hippocampus and cerebellum have been the best characterized, but there are other brain areas in which mechanisms of LTD are understood. LTD has also been found to occur in different types of neurons that release various neurotransmitters, however, the most common neurotransmitter involved in LTD is L-glutamate. L-glutamate acts on the N-methyl-D- asparate receptors (NMDARs), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionicacid receptors (AMPARs), kainate receptors (KARs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) during LTD. It can result from strong synaptic stimulation (as occurs in the cerebellar Purkinje cells) or from persistent weak synaptic stimulation (as in the hippocampus). Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the opposing process to LTD; it is the long-lasting increase of synaptic strength. In conjunction, LTD and LTP are factors affecting neuronal synaptic plasticity. LTD is thought to result mainly from a decrease in postsynaptic receptor density, although a decrease in presynaptic neurotransmitter release may also play a role. Cerebellar LTD has been hypothesized to be important for motor learning. However, it is likely that other plasticity mechanisms play a role as well. Hippocampal LTD may be important for the clearing of old memory traces. Hippocampal/cortical LTD can be dependent on NMDA receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), or endocannabinoids. The result of the underlying-LTD molecular mechanism is the phosphorylation of AMPA glutamate receptors and their elimination from the surface of the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapse.LTD is one of several processes that serves to selectively weaken specific synapses in order to make constructive use of synaptic strengthening caused by LTP. This is necessary because, if allowed to continue increasing in strength, synapses would ultimately reach a ceiling level of efficiency, which would inhibit the encoding of new information.
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