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... years, since the peak of the last major glaciation. At that time there were 3.3 km of ice on top of what is today the city of Montreal, a city of more than 3 million people. Ninety-five percent of Canada was covered in a sheet of ice. Even as far south as Chicago there was nearly a kilometre of ice. ...
... years, since the peak of the last major glaciation. At that time there were 3.3 km of ice on top of what is today the city of Montreal, a city of more than 3 million people. Ninety-five percent of Canada was covered in a sheet of ice. Even as far south as Chicago there was nearly a kilometre of ice. ...
1 CARBON ON EARTH - Princeton University Press
... reservoirs of carbon co2 is a trace constituent in the atmosphere, comprising only about 0.039% of all the gas molecules (which works out to 390 ppm, or parts per million). if all the co2 in the atmosphere were to solidify into dry ice, the snowfall would be only about 10 cm deep. The atmosphere cur ...
... reservoirs of carbon co2 is a trace constituent in the atmosphere, comprising only about 0.039% of all the gas molecules (which works out to 390 ppm, or parts per million). if all the co2 in the atmosphere were to solidify into dry ice, the snowfall would be only about 10 cm deep. The atmosphere cur ...
Special events
... corresponds to the appearance of numerous mammals (including primates) and the extinction or temporary disappearance of many deep-sea species. ...
... corresponds to the appearance of numerous mammals (including primates) and the extinction or temporary disappearance of many deep-sea species. ...
Special events
... corresponds to the appearance of numerous mammals (including primates) and the extinction or temporary disappearance of many deep-sea species. ...
... corresponds to the appearance of numerous mammals (including primates) and the extinction or temporary disappearance of many deep-sea species. ...
Climate-biosphere interactions on glacial
... [Reader et al., 1999, 2000; Mahowald et al., 1999; Harrison et al., 2001]. Data for the Vostok ice core [Petit et al., 1999] validate these estimates by showing that dust accumulation during the LGM was about 2 orders of magnitude above Holocene levels (Figure 3). Mahowald et al. [1999] diagnosed th ...
... [Reader et al., 1999, 2000; Mahowald et al., 1999; Harrison et al., 2001]. Data for the Vostok ice core [Petit et al., 1999] validate these estimates by showing that dust accumulation during the LGM was about 2 orders of magnitude above Holocene levels (Figure 3). Mahowald et al. [1999] diagnosed th ...
Decadal variations
... Regress observed A* anomaly against the most significant of these This allows us to reconstruct the earth’s albedo as seen from BBSO since 1983 ...
... Regress observed A* anomaly against the most significant of these This allows us to reconstruct the earth’s albedo as seen from BBSO since 1983 ...
Chapter 6: Glaciers in the Western US
... snowfall is released as meltwater during summer, when precipitation is low. This characteristic is particularly important to farms and fisheries in areas downslope from glaciated mountains like the Cascades or Sierra Nevada. In addition to investigating present-day glacier behavior, researchers use ...
... snowfall is released as meltwater during summer, when precipitation is low. This characteristic is particularly important to farms and fisheries in areas downslope from glaciated mountains like the Cascades or Sierra Nevada. In addition to investigating present-day glacier behavior, researchers use ...
New perspectives on Beringian Quaternary paleogeography
... Island in Bristol Bay may represent as many as four pre-Wisconsin glacier advances that occurred while eustatic sea level was relatively high sometime between ca. 500 and 280 ka based upon amino acid data and supporting geochronology used to subdivide the sequence (Kaufman et al., 2001). This is mat ...
... Island in Bristol Bay may represent as many as four pre-Wisconsin glacier advances that occurred while eustatic sea level was relatively high sometime between ca. 500 and 280 ka based upon amino acid data and supporting geochronology used to subdivide the sequence (Kaufman et al., 2001). This is mat ...
Earth Overshoot Day Contents
... Every year Global Footprint Network calculates the number of days of that year that Earth’s biocapacity suffices to provide for humanity’s Ecological Footprint. The remainder of the year corresponds to global overshoot. Earth Overshoot Day is calculated by dividing the world biocapacity (the ...
... Every year Global Footprint Network calculates the number of days of that year that Earth’s biocapacity suffices to provide for humanity’s Ecological Footprint. The remainder of the year corresponds to global overshoot. Earth Overshoot Day is calculated by dividing the world biocapacity (the ...
Lithium Isotopes TIMS and MC
... supply of carbon dioxide to the ocean-atmosphere system as well as diminished removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through weathering of silicate rocks. The scarcity of newly uplifted, fresh, weatherable rocks in the hothouse climate led to a slowdown of the negative feedback mechanism of t ...
... supply of carbon dioxide to the ocean-atmosphere system as well as diminished removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through weathering of silicate rocks. The scarcity of newly uplifted, fresh, weatherable rocks in the hothouse climate led to a slowdown of the negative feedback mechanism of t ...
SEA LEVEL CHANGE
... so low that surface melting is negligible, and the ice sheet loses mass mainly by ice discharge into Soating ice shelves, which melt at their underside and eventually break up to form icebergs. In Greenland, summer temperatures are high enough to cause widespread surface melting, which accounts for ...
... so low that surface melting is negligible, and the ice sheet loses mass mainly by ice discharge into Soating ice shelves, which melt at their underside and eventually break up to form icebergs. In Greenland, summer temperatures are high enough to cause widespread surface melting, which accounts for ...
Abrupt climate changes: Oceans, Ice, and Us - NAS
... back into Hudson Bay, but still plugged the outlet of the bay. The world’s largest lake was backed up by the ice, looking for a way out. When an ice dam fails, it does so quickly—heat from turbulence in water melts ice, enlarging channels—so ice-dam failures have produced the largest floods known on ...
... back into Hudson Bay, but still plugged the outlet of the bay. The world’s largest lake was backed up by the ice, looking for a way out. When an ice dam fails, it does so quickly—heat from turbulence in water melts ice, enlarging channels—so ice-dam failures have produced the largest floods known on ...
Chapter 5. CO2 as a Climate Regulator during the Phanerozoic and
... In general, as the radiative forcing increases, Earth’s average temperature increases. However, the relationship between a change in radiative forcing and the corresponding change in temperature is not simple or straightforward. It is calculated within large-scale computer models of Earth’s atmosphe ...
... In general, as the radiative forcing increases, Earth’s average temperature increases. However, the relationship between a change in radiative forcing and the corresponding change in temperature is not simple or straightforward. It is calculated within large-scale computer models of Earth’s atmosphe ...
mass balance of the cryosphere - Assets
... reflectance characteristics. The albedo of clean snow ranges from 80 to 97%, while that of clean ice varies between 34 and 51% (Paterson, 1994). This is many times greater than the albedos of other naturally occurring surfaces, such as water (∼1%), forest (10 to 25%) and bare soil (5 to 20%). This co ...
... reflectance characteristics. The albedo of clean snow ranges from 80 to 97%, while that of clean ice varies between 34 and 51% (Paterson, 1994). This is many times greater than the albedos of other naturally occurring surfaces, such as water (∼1%), forest (10 to 25%) and bare soil (5 to 20%). This co ...
LETTER hJ3C of organic carbon in the Bengal Fan
... carry 3 to 5% of the river dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) flux (M EYBECK , 1979), and > 10% of the river TOC flux (SUBRAMANIAN and ITTEKKOT , 199 1). Although the Bengal Fan records only refractory POC from the G-B river system, it is likely that DOC and labile POC were isotopically similar (In th ...
... carry 3 to 5% of the river dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) flux (M EYBECK , 1979), and > 10% of the river TOC flux (SUBRAMANIAN and ITTEKKOT , 199 1). Although the Bengal Fan records only refractory POC from the G-B river system, it is likely that DOC and labile POC were isotopically similar (In th ...
Cenozoic Cooling Research Paper
... theories and factors that attributed to Cenozoic cooling such as weathering, decrease of volcanic emissions, or possibly erosion of mountain ranges that lead to the deposition of sediment contributing to a climatic feedback loop. Nonetheless, it has been identified that tectonic plates contribute a ...
... theories and factors that attributed to Cenozoic cooling such as weathering, decrease of volcanic emissions, or possibly erosion of mountain ranges that lead to the deposition of sediment contributing to a climatic feedback loop. Nonetheless, it has been identified that tectonic plates contribute a ...
teacher pages - Lab Aids | Store
... of climate change are uncertain. However, the data from the study of Earth’s climate history are invaluable in improving the accuracy of global climate models and making better predictions about the future. In this chapter, students explore climate change that has happened in Earth’s past and think ...
... of climate change are uncertain. However, the data from the study of Earth’s climate history are invaluable in improving the accuracy of global climate models and making better predictions about the future. In this chapter, students explore climate change that has happened in Earth’s past and think ...
Major Climate Feedback Processes Water Vapor Feedback Snow
... If Earth’s albedo and greenhouse effect remained unchanged at that time, Earth’s mean surface temperature would be well below the freezing point of water during a large portion of its 4.5 Byr history. That would result in a “snowball” Earth, which was not evident in geologic record. ...
... If Earth’s albedo and greenhouse effect remained unchanged at that time, Earth’s mean surface temperature would be well below the freezing point of water during a large portion of its 4.5 Byr history. That would result in a “snowball” Earth, which was not evident in geologic record. ...
Larissa Zgraggen ATS 320 Paleoclimatology: An Introduction into
... As with most scientific processes, ice core research does have its limitations. The most obvious limitation to ice core research is the simple ability for evidence captured within the ice core to be ...
... As with most scientific processes, ice core research does have its limitations. The most obvious limitation to ice core research is the simple ability for evidence captured within the ice core to be ...
Teacher`s Guide For Glaciers
... o The process of compressed snow begins when snow lasts through the summer and does not melt o Glacial ice becomes plastic and begins to flow much like Silly Putty, spreading out in all directions • When ice sheets spread out, they pick up rocks along the way and transport them long distances • Glac ...
... o The process of compressed snow begins when snow lasts through the summer and does not melt o Glacial ice becomes plastic and begins to flow much like Silly Putty, spreading out in all directions • When ice sheets spread out, they pick up rocks along the way and transport them long distances • Glac ...
SC C6684
... but that this amplification can be switched off according to the melting of ice sheets. When the amplification is switched on and the Arctic has warmed, the temperature gradient from tropics to pole is reduced, affecting the stability of atmospheric circulation in the hemisphere and allowing the je ...
... but that this amplification can be switched off according to the melting of ice sheets. When the amplification is switched on and the Arctic has warmed, the temperature gradient from tropics to pole is reduced, affecting the stability of atmospheric circulation in the hemisphere and allowing the je ...
A New Theory of Cloud Formation and Climate Change on the Earth
... observatory records by Gustav Sporer on sunspots, discovered in 1894 that the solar latitudes at which sunspots occur varies in a regular basis over a course of 11 year cycle. His study of sunspots and the associated solar magnetic cycles also led to the identification of an unusually long period fr ...
... observatory records by Gustav Sporer on sunspots, discovered in 1894 that the solar latitudes at which sunspots occur varies in a regular basis over a course of 11 year cycle. His study of sunspots and the associated solar magnetic cycles also led to the identification of an unusually long period fr ...
CO2 Variations, 1999 Mauna Loa, Hawaii
... sun (shown in yellow) splits oxygen molecules into oxygen atoms which then react with more O2 to form ozone. Another molecule (M) is needed to absorb some of the huge amount of energy involved in the reaction. ...
... sun (shown in yellow) splits oxygen molecules into oxygen atoms which then react with more O2 to form ozone. Another molecule (M) is needed to absorb some of the huge amount of energy involved in the reaction. ...
The changing role of the lithosphere in models of glacial isostasy: a
... be divided into a number of distinct periods. The first period (1836-1889) is characterized by several independent formulations of the basic idea of glacial isostasy (Section 2). During the following period (1890-1934), the concepts were further elaborated. This development was largely guided by adv ...
... be divided into a number of distinct periods. The first period (1836-1889) is characterized by several independent formulations of the basic idea of glacial isostasy (Section 2). During the following period (1890-1934), the concepts were further elaborated. This development was largely guided by adv ...
Changing Planet: Past, Present, Future Lecture 3 – Earth`s Climate
... climate change throughout that time period. What I want to do is explore a little bit, what is it that actually controls the climate of a planet and how does it vary over time. Then we'll look at our current predicament and think about how climate is likely to change over our lifetimes and on into t ...
... climate change throughout that time period. What I want to do is explore a little bit, what is it that actually controls the climate of a planet and how does it vary over time. Then we'll look at our current predicament and think about how climate is likely to change over our lifetimes and on into t ...