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specimen
specimen

... Discuss how successful these policies might be in reducing unemployment. ...
Unit 1:
Unit 1:

... Question:Over the past year, M.D. Ryngaert & Co. had an increase in its current ratio and a decline in its total assets turnover ratio. However, the company's sales, cash and equivalents, DSO and its fixed assets turnover ratio have remained constant. What balance sheet accounts must have changed to ...
chapter overview
chapter overview

... A. There is an impending long-run shortfall in Social Security funding. 1. It is “pay-as-you-go” system, meaning that current revenues are used to pay current retirees (instead of paying from funds accumulated over time). 2. Despite efforts to build a trust fund, in 2018 Social Security revenues wil ...
Fixed Exchange Rates and Currency Unions
Fixed Exchange Rates and Currency Unions

... If monetary policy does not matter, smaller country may feel makes sense to forgo monetary policy in exchange for fixed exchange rates May require some intervention, but does not matter if sterilized or not Smaller country’s monetary and price level growth rate almost identical to larger country ...
Ch30-7e-lecture
Ch30-7e-lecture

... The Bank believes that because it uses much more information than just the current inflation rate and the output gap, it is able to set the overnight rate more intelligently than any simple rule can set. ...
The Ricardian Approach to Budget Deficits
The Ricardian Approach to Budget Deficits

... taxation leads to an expansion of aggregate consumer demand. In other words, desired private saving rises by less than the tax cut, so that desired national saving declines. It follows for a closed economy that the expected real interest rate would have to rise to restore equality between desired na ...
Impact of Demographic Changes on Inflation and the
Impact of Demographic Changes on Inflation and the

... economic and social landscape. Many researchers have looked into how changes in the size and the composition of an economy’s population influence macroeconomic outcomes. The channels through which demographic changes affect an economy typically include savings and investment behaviors, labor market ...
The Importance of Corporation Tax on the Location
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... exemptions along with the direct effect of the headline tax rate. We find large variations in the sensitivity to tax rates across sectors. For manufacturing firms, the effect is similar to the baseline but for service firms the effect is noticeably smaller. Services firms may be more likely to make ...
Ralph C. Bryant* CRR WP 2007-8 Released: April 2007
Ralph C. Bryant* CRR WP 2007-8 Released: April 2007

... among the regions within the system. The savings fluid in the reservoir in such a system would behave much like water: following a change in underlying circumstances in some region, the fluid in all parts of the reservoir would adjust almost instantaneously to reestablish a uniform level. Savers wou ...
What is the Shape of the American Economy
What is the Shape of the American Economy

... that allowed firms to expense 30 percent of covered investments. Because the source data for the NIPA is extremely sparse at this stage, it seems likely that the latest NIPA profits data will be significantly revised in the next few years. ...
Corporation Tax - Centre for Policy Studies
Corporation Tax - Centre for Policy Studies

... used, this might involve a loss of revenue to the Treasury of between £4 billion (according to the Treasury ready reckoner) and £8.5 billion (on a straight line basis).  This theoretical fall in revenue could easily be matched by, for example, abolition of higher rate tax relief on pensions.  This ...
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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FISCAL FRAGILITY: Joshua Aizenman

... extreme events. In order to figure 3.b, we use an alternative measure of uncertainty after excluding the possibility of an extremely lucky draw for all countries. We re-define best and worst scenarios after excluding the periods (from Table 2) with the highest average g or the lowest average r. The ...
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Inflation

... A nominal cash flow means the income received in terms rupees. On the other hand, a real cash flow means purchasing power of your income. The manager invested Rs.10000 in anticipation of 10 per cent rate of return at the end of the year. It means that the manager will get Rs.11000 after a year irres ...
Boosting Confidence: How Much Can Fiscal Policy Do
Boosting Confidence: How Much Can Fiscal Policy Do

... When examining the effects of changes in government consumption on consumer confidence, we note that these are positive, but invariably insignificant (Table 1). However, decomposing this component into wage and non-wage government consumption, we get more informative results (Table 2). Increases in ...
Euro/Dollar Exchange Rates: A Multi-Country Structural
Euro/Dollar Exchange Rates: A Multi-Country Structural

... products and therefore in an increase in the production and finally in the output. The taxation level and the public spending effects are captured by FBAL. We observe that an easy fiscal policy (decrease of FBAL and decrease of NFA), if directed to investments, in the first step should increase the ...
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... A certain number of circumstances make it all the more necessary for Luxembourg to take up the challenge of budgetary consolidation. Indeed, in the long run, robust and sustainable public finances play a major role in the competitiveness of an ultra-open small-scale economy such as Luxembourg which ...
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... Given their present magnitudes, continued substantial increases in these current account deficits and surpluses seem unlikely to be sustained over the medium term. That said, the nature of the adjustment mechanism and its timing are difficult to predict. Efforts to reduce the current account deficit ...
Population Aging, Entitlement Growth, and the Economy
Population Aging, Entitlement Growth, and the Economy

DEMOCRATIZATION, QUALITY OF INSTITUTIONS AND …
DEMOCRATIZATION, QUALITY OF INSTITUTIONS AND …

... democracy index on economic performance and does not find any positive effect of liberalization on growth at least in the first 10 years of transition. • Clague et al (1996, p.1) show that "the age of a democratic system is strongly correlated with property and contract rights." • Akhmedov and Zhura ...
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The Risk Octagon: A Comprehensive Framework for Assessing

... figure reported in the chart is around 3 percent of GDP but the Congressional Budget Office now projects a cost of less than 1 percent taking into account what is likely to be recovered in the future. This compares with 2½–3 percentage points of GDP for the Savings and Loan crisis. The low cost of d ...
Monetary policy in the euro area`s neighbouring countries
Monetary policy in the euro area`s neighbouring countries

... reflected in the exports of neighbouring countries, and influence their economies. Second, changes in the monetary policy of the euro area have repercussions. Interest rate cuts by the ECB usually lead to an appreciation of currencies in neighbouring countries. This dampens growth and lowers inflati ...
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U G F – A

... Fiscal aggregates like tax and non-tax revenues, revenue and capital expenditures, internal and external debt, and revenue and fiscal deficits have been presented as percentage to the GDP at current market prices. The New GDP series with 1993-94 as base as published by the Central Statistical Organi ...
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1 - Hans-Böckler

... aggregate supply. In contemporary formulations, this classical interest rate adjustment mechanism is managed by the central bank via its nominal interest policy. The central bank sets the nominal interest rate aiming to target an inflation rate consistent with its belief regarding the required loan ...
unisys corporation
unisys corporation

... contracts and obtaining additional outsourcing customers. The company quarterly compares the carrying value of the outsourcing assets with the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the outsourcing assets to determine if there is an impairment. If impaired, the outsourcing asset ...
Winter 2017 - Sleeping Polar Bear
Winter 2017 - Sleeping Polar Bear

... Y* is also known as Full Employment Output. In other words, Y* is determined by our economy’s Productive Capacity (how many workers do we have !!labor, how many factories/machines do we have ! capital, and how productive are these workers and machines ! technology). In the Short Run, Equilibrium Y c ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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