• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
risk neutral cash flows
risk neutral cash flows

Lecture 7
Lecture 7

... We use ERi because it reflects the riskiness of the firm’s new investment project – provided the ‘new’ investment project has the same ‘business risk’ characteristics as the firm’s existing project. This is because ERi reflects the return required by investors to hold this share as part of their por ...
Exam 2
Exam 2

... a. Calculate the expected returns and the standard deviations of the two securities. E(Ra)=.6*4+.4*16=8.8%; E(Rb)=.6*3+.4*3=3% Variance(Alpha) = .6(4-8.8)2+.4(16-8.8)2=13.824+20.736=34.56 Standard Dev.(Alpha)=5.87%; Variance(Beta)=0 b. You have $10,000 to invest. Calculate the expected return and st ...
Long-term Investing as asset prices rise
Long-term Investing as asset prices rise

... safety and invest for the long-term The factors that influence whether management of these companies achieve good long term returns are numerous and complicated. While macro-economic and geopolitical factors are an important input, our thinking on such matters is much ...
US Fed finally raises rates and sends bond prices down
US Fed finally raises rates and sends bond prices down

... Federal Reserve. The Fed raised US interest rates in December by 0.25%, for only the second time in nearly a decade. However, it also indicated that it cannot—as the phrase goes— “Eat Just One” and predicted at least three more hikes in 2017. While the fixed income securities within the fund’s portf ...
Lecture 1
Lecture 1

... • Taking values from the table in the previous slide, CDF is .59 with the 20% return level • It means that there is 59% probability that return on POL will be less than 20% • An investor has Rs.100,000 investment in POL and he wants that he does not lose more than Rs.30000 of his investment, what is ...
Capital Asset Pricing Model
Capital Asset Pricing Model

... portfolios based on their standard deviations, whereas the security market line depicts the relation between the required return and market risk, as measured by beta. An efficient market is a market in which asset prices reflect available information quickly and accurately. The EMH is commonly broke ...
Reinvestment Risk
Reinvestment Risk

... Assuming credit risk requires that additional resources be devoted to the investment program ...
TopicsInAnalysis
TopicsInAnalysis

... (This could get deep. We’ll look at the standard heat equation and Kolmogorov equation related to Brownian motion. Main point: If we set up the problem correctly, the Black-Scholes differential equation is exactly the standard heat equation.) 20. Option pricing and oil-property evaluation FIFTH TOPI ...
Lecture Presentation to accompany Investment
Lecture Presentation to accompany Investment

... Portfolio Management • What is the relationship between covariance and correlation? • What is the formula for the standard deviation for a portfolio of risky assets and how does it differ from the standard deviation of an individual risky asset? • Given the formula for the standard deviation of a po ...
Expected Return Standard Deviation
Expected Return Standard Deviation

...  Their risk will be determined by the industry sector and gearing. Some shares will be more risky and some less. ...
Chapter 13
Chapter 13

... • For example, if you own 50 Internet stocks, you are not diversified • However, if you own 50 stocks that span 20 different industries, then you are diversified ...
Lecture 27: CAPM and Risk Premium
Lecture 27: CAPM and Risk Premium

... less risky investment, or the amount a risk-averse agent will pay to avoid taking a risk. i. If the expected payoff of a risky investment (say, venture capitalism) is $10 million and the expected payoff of a safe investment (say, government bonds) is $9 million, then the risk premium is $1 million. ...
Merrill Finch Inc
Merrill Finch Inc

... Note that the estimated returns of U.S. Rubber do not always move in the same direction as the overall economy. For example, when the economy is below average, consumers purchase fewer tires than they would if the economy was stronger. However, if the economy is in a flat-out recession, a large numb ...
Introduction to Financial Management
Introduction to Financial Management

... risk without an equivalent reduction in expected returns – Reduces the variability of returns – Caused by the offset of worse-thanexpected returns from one asset by betterthan-expected returns from another ...
Market Risk
Market Risk

... An intuitive example for Beta Turbo Charged Seafood has the following % returns on its stock, relative to the listed changes in the % return on the market portfolio. The beta of Turbo Charged Seafood can be derived from ...
Answers
Answers

... 3. The same three stocks as above are being considered for purchase. An investor has determined the following information: Stock A B C ...
Intelligent Considerations During Short
Intelligent Considerations During Short

Schroder Fixed Income Fund - Wholesale Class Fund Summary Overview
Schroder Fixed Income Fund - Wholesale Class Fund Summary Overview

... Security selection is carried out in a manner aiming to exploit those areas with the most potential for adding value. Independent fundamental credit research and active management at the security level are essential elements of our approach which focuses on the avoidance of default and identifying v ...
Pioneers: Better be smart
Pioneers: Better be smart

... the pitfalls can be avoided by diversifying the holdings and rebalancing. The idea was first espoused in a seminal paper in 1982 published by Dr E Robert Fernholz, the founder of the firm and a creator of the enhanced equity portfolio construction method. “In the beginning, these findings were very ...
top fund fortissimo - (c)
top fund fortissimo - (c)

... The Correlation Coefficient indicates the strength and direction of a linear relationship between fund performance and benchmark. The coefficient is an element of [-1,1], where 1 equals a perfectly correlated increasing linear relationship, -1 equals a perfectly correlated decreasing linear relation ...
Investments: Analysis and Management
Investments: Analysis and Management

... Corporate bonds Government bonds ...
Investing During a Non-Normal Market Environment
Investing During a Non-Normal Market Environment

... Contributing to the problem is the notion that ‘buy and hold’ investors are taking unlimited downside risks. This is not intuitive for most people who believe in this approach. While ‘buy and hold’ has had a glorious twenty-year reign, the advent of ETF’s, supersized mutual funds, leveraged investor ...
Chapter 11
Chapter 11

... component is zero ...
Asset Allocation Models Using the Markowitz Approach
Asset Allocation Models Using the Markowitz Approach

< 1 ... 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 >

Modern portfolio theory

Modern portfolio theory (MPT) is a theory of finance that attempts to maximize portfolio expected return for a given amount of portfolio risk, or equivalently minimize risk for a given level of expected return, by carefully choosing the proportions of various assets. Although MPT is widely used in practice in the financial industry and several of its creators won a Nobel memorial prize for the theory, in recent years the basic assumptions of MPT have been widely challenged by fields such as behavioral economics.MPT is a mathematical formulation of the concept of diversification in investing, with the aim of selecting a collection of investment assets that has lower overall risk than any other combination of assets with the same expected return. This is possible, intuitively speaking, because different types of assets sometimes change in value in opposite directions. For example, to the extent prices in the stock market move differently from prices in the bond market, a combination of both types of assets can in theory generate lower overall risk than either individually. Diversification can lower risk even if assets' returns are positively correlated.More technically, MPT models an asset's return as a normally or elliptically distributed random variable, defines risk as the standard deviation of return, and models a portfolio as a weighted combination of assets, so that the return of a portfolio is the weighted combination of the assets' returns. By combining different assets whose returns are not perfectly positively correlated, MPT seeks to reduce the total variance of the portfolio return. MPT also assumes that investors are rational and markets are efficient.MPT was developed in the 1950s through the early 1970s and was considered an important advance in the mathematical modeling of finance. Since then, some theoretical and practical criticisms have been leveled against it. These include evidence that financial returns do not follow a normal distribution or indeed any symmetric distribution, and that correlations between asset classes are not fixed but can vary depending on external events (especially in crises). Further, there remains evidence that investors are not rational and markets may not be efficient. Finally, the low volatility anomaly conflicts with CAPM's trade-off assumption of higher risk for higher return. It states that a portfolio consisting of low volatility equities (like blue chip stocks) reaps higher risk-adjusted returns than a portfolio with high volatility equities (like illiquid penny stocks). A study conducted by Myron Scholes, Michael Jensen, and Fischer Black in 1972 suggests that the relationship between return and beta might be flat or even negatively correlated.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report